NEED OF DATA COLLECTING FOR QUANTITATIVE
TECHNIQUES
6. Research Design
7. Data Collection, Data Processing, and Analysis
8. Testing the Hypotheses; Answering the Research
Questions
9. Report Writing
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
Scientific research is a systematic,
controlled, empirical ,and critical investigation
of hypothetical propositions about the
presume relations among natural phenomena.
The main purpose is to design the research in
a way that the requisite data can be
gathered and analyzed to arrive at a
solution.
1)
2)
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:
(Exploratory, Descriptive, Hypothesis Testing Analysis)
TYPE OF INVESTIGATION: CASUAL VERSUS
CORRELATIONAL
The study in which the researcher wants to delineate the cause of one
or more problems is called a causal study. When the researcher is
interested in delineating the important variables associated with the
problem, the study is called a correlational study.
A causal study question:
Does smoking cause cancer?
A correlational study question:
Are smoking and cancer related?
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3)
EXTENT OF RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE WITH
THE STUDY
The extent of interference by the researcher
with the normal flow of work at the workplace
has a direct bearing on whether the study
undertaken is causal or correlational.
 Factors influencing training effectiveness (a
correlational study)
 The influence of lighting on worker
performance
4)
STUDY SETTING: CONTRIVED AND
NONCONTRIVED
Organizational research can be done in the natural environment where
work proceeds normally (that is, in noncontrived settings) or in artificial,
contrived settings.
5) UNIT OF ANALYSIS: INDIVIDUALS, DYADS, GROUPS,
ORGANIZATIONS, CULTURES
The unit of analysis refers to the level of collection of the data collected
during the data analysis stage.
 For instance, the problem statement focuses on how to raise the
motivational levels of employees in general, then we are interested in
individual employees in the organization
 If the researcher is interested in studying two-person interactions,
then several two-person groups, also known as dyads,
 If the problem statement is related to group effectiveness, then the
unit of analysis would be at the group level.
6)
TIME HORIZON: CROSS-SECTIONAL VERSUS
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
Cross-Sectional Studies
A study can be done in which data are gathered just once, perhaps
over a period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer a
research question. Such studies are called one-shot or crosssectional studies.
 Longitudinal Studies
In some cases, however, the researcher might want to study
people or phenomena at more than one point in time in order to
answer the research question. For instance, the researcher might
want to study employees‘ behavior before and after a change in
the top management

DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Data can be collected in a variety of ways. Data collection methods
include:
 Interviews—face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews,
computer-assisted interviews, and interviews through the
electronic media;
 Questionnaires that are either personally administered, sent
through the mail, or electronically administered;
 Observation of individuals and events with or without
videotaping or audio recording.
7)
Report Writing