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The Ineffectiveness of the
League of Nations
 No control of major conflicts.
 No progress in disarmament.
 No effective military force.
Hyper-Inflation in
Germany: 1923
Dawes Plan (1924)
Young Plan (1930)
• For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!
• $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½
years.
• By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium.
Rise of Dictators
• By 1939 only two European
countries remained under
democracy
• Totalitarian state• wanted complete of citizens
• Used propaganda
• No individualism
Stalin: Russia
Mussolini:
Italy
Hitler:
Germany
Fascism in Italy
• Benito Mussolini
• Fascism
• In 1920, he formed a group
called the black shirts.
• In 1922, he threatened to march
on Rome if not given power.
• Named prime minister of Italy
and began to create a fascist
dictatorship.
• Not as strong as Hitler or Stalin.
Soviet Union: USSR
• In 1922, Lenin and the
communists
• After Lenin’s death there
was a power struggle
between Stalin and Trotsky.
• 1929, Stalin came to power
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Stalin’s Russia
Economic, social and political revolution
5 year plan
Increasing production.
Social and political costs.
Stalin used collectivization
Resistance to Stalin
The Spanish Civil War:
A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?
Italian troops in
Madrid
The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory
-German soldiers are dissatisfied.
-Many citizens unhappy with treaty and
German life.
Hitler and Nazi Germany
• Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889.
• Hitler served in WWI and received the Iron
Cross.
• After the war, he joined the German Worker’s
party which he took over and renamed the
Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party
(NSDAP) or Nazi party.
• He staged an uprising in Munich called the Beer
Hall Putsch. The uprising was crushed and Hitler
was sent to prison. In prison he wrote Mein
Kampf.
• Mein Kampf My
Struggle
• He laid out his
ideas
• The right of
superior nation to
• lebensraum
• The failure of the
Beer hall putsch
• He increased the
size of the Nazi
party
But how could Hitler win power?
• His promise
• His appeal
• His supporters
• In 1933, Hitler becomes
Chancellor of Germany.
• The enabling act
• Hitler becomes dictator.
The Nazi State
• Once Hitler passed the enabling acts,
he quickly took over everything
–Purged civil service of Jews
–Est. concentration camps for
people that opposed the regime
–Dissolved trade unions
–Abolished all other political parties
• Hitler becomes the “Fuhrer”
Nazi State
• Hitler’s Aryan racial state
• Third Reich, empire of Nazi
Germany.
• Hitler’s totalitarian state
• The SS (schutzstaffeln-guard
squadrons)
• Hitler puts millions of people
to work
Unemployment numbers
• 6 million people unemployed in
1932
• 2.6 million people unemployed
in 1934
• Less than 500,000 people
unemployed in 1937
** By solving unemployment, it
allowed many Germans to
accept Hitler and his policies**
Original Source: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Anti-Semitism
• In September 1935, Hitler passed racial laws
called the Nuremberg laws- excluded Jews from
German citizenship and forbade marriages
between Jews and Germans.
• It also required Jews to wear the gold star of
David and carry identification papers.
• November 9, 1938 the pogrom (organized
persecution or massacre of a minority group)
called Kristallnacht “night of shattered glass”
• Nazis burned synagogues, destroyed +7,000
Jewish business, killed hundred of Jews and
sent 30,000 Jewish males to concentration
camps.
• Kristallnacht lead to Jews being barred from
public transit and all public buildings, barred
from owning or managing a retail store and
were encouraged to emigrate.
Kristallnacht
Give an inch...
•Hitler and the
Treaty of Versailles.
•Hitler builds up
Germany's military.
•The allies reaction
to Hitler
•The Rhine land.
•Thus began the
policy of
appeasement
Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor
Haile
Selassie
Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936
The “Pact of Steel”: Alliance between
Mussolini and Hitler
The Austrian Anschluss, 1938
The “Problem” of the
Sudetenland
Appeasement: The Munich
Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister:
Neville Chamberlain 
Now we have
“peace in our
time!” Herr
Hitler is a man
we can do
business with.
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of
the Third Reich: 1939
The Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers
von Ribbentrop & Molotov
The Manchurian Crisis, 1931
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
The Japanese Invasion
of China, 1937