A SPEAKER’S GUIDEBOOK
4TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1
Why Study Public Speaking?
Study Public Speaking to:
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A. Advance your professional goals
B. Accomplish personal goals
C. Enhance your career as a student
D. Explore and share values
So, this course really is
E. Improve critical thinking
all about you! If you
have an i-clicker, which
& listening skills
one of these reasons do
you consider to be most
valuable?
In the classroom
Oral presentations are common classroom
assignments across the disciplines.
 Organization skills are applicable to most
other courses.

In the workplace
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A. Excellent written communication skills
B. Effective verbal communication skills
C. Constructive interpersonal skills
D. Cohesive teamwork skills
E. Efficient organization and leadership skills
Which one of these
communication skills do
you believe employers
value most?
In the community
Being an Engaged Citizen

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Students from the Asian Student
Association clean up trash from
the local beach.
Public issues require citizens
to make decisions or take
actions.
Change occurs when people
speak up and work together
to solve societal problems.
Community Service? Discuss
your past experiences.
In the community
Participating in the Process
Use your i-clicker to respond, and then discuss.
A. I voted in last election!
B. I did not, because I was not eligible to vote.
C. I forgot to vote.
D. I didn’t want to vote.
E. I don’t think my vote matters.
In your personal life
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Small group communication will
teach you how to communicate more
effectively within your family or
with your co-workers.
Learning to listen well improves your
friendships and romantic
relationships.
Being articulate about your thoughts
and ideas leads to increased
satisfaction in your relationships.
Comparing public speaking to other types
of communication contexts
SIMILARITIES
You must speak to other people.
 You must think about your listeners and their
needs.
 You must be understood when you speak.
 You must be responsible about what you say
and how you speak.

Comparing public speaking to other types
of communication contexts
DIFFERENCES
You have less opportunity for a response or
feedback from your listeners.
 You are responsible for more of the message
content.
 You must pay closer attention to nonverbal
cues and use a formal voice.

Successful public speakers
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Use familiar words and
phrases.
Use simple sentence
structure (S-V-O).
Repeat key concepts.
Use inclusive language.
Use proper grammar.
Are more organized with
their thoughts.
Cultural Sensitivity
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Speakers recognize the values, behaviors, and
artifacts that are important to the cultural group to
which they are speaking.
A culturally sensitive speaker avoids making
ethnocentric remarks and addresses cultural
differences with respect.
A SPEAKER’S GUIDEBOOK
4TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1
The Communication Process
Do you agree or disagree?
“Anyone who forms a judgment on any point but
cannot explain himself clearly might as well
have never thought on the subject.”
–Pericles, Greek Philosopher
Some types of communication
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Dyadic Communication
- Intrapersonal
- Interpersonal
Public
- Speeches
- Forums
Mass
Small Group
What type of
communication is this
child experiencing?
May she also be
experiencing other
types of
communication that
are not pictured?
The Communication Process
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Communication occurs in a single CONTEXT or SITUATION.
The SPEAKER encodes and then transmits a MESSAGE along
a CHANNEL to the RECEIVER.
The RECEIVER decodes the MESSAGE and sends
NONVERBAL FEEDBACK to the SPEAKER.
Sometimes NOISE or INTERFERENCE keeps the MESSAGE
from reaching the RECEIVER.
Obvious Elements of the
Communication Process
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Situation/Context
Speaker/Source
Message
Channel
Receiver/Listener/Audience
Noise/Interference
Verbal Feedback/Nonverbal Feedback
Internal Elements of the Communication
Process for the Speaker
Encoding – speaker thinks of what to say.
 Audience perspective – speaker considers
receiver’s point of view.
 Shared meaning – mutual understanding of
the message between speaker and receiver.
 Goal – speaker’s purpose.

Internal Elements of the Communication
Process for the Receiver
Decoding – listener interprets what the
speaker said or did.
 Shared meaning – mutual understanding
of the message between speaker and
receiver.
 Outcome – effect of message on the
receiver.
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Linear vs. Transactional Communication

Linear communication is a one-way message
where the receiver does not typically respond
to the source.
 Example:
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Listening to the news reporter.
Transactional communication includes verbal
feedback or interruptions.
 Example:
A conversation between friends.
Question
Which one of the following types of
communication is linear?
A. Dyadic
B. Mass
C. Group
Question
Which one of the following types of
communication is usually transactional?
A. Dyadic
B. Mass
C. Group
D. Public
A SPEAKER’S GUIDEBOOK
4TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1
The Canons of Rhetoric
History of Rhetoric (The early Greeks)
Oratorical skill was required by all.
 Speeches were persuasive in nature.
 Self representation existed in court (no
lawyers).
 Public affairs occurred in the agora or
marketplace.
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History of Rhetoric (The Romans)
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Citizens, as members
of a representative
democracy, met in a
public space, called a
forum.
The term, public
forum, is still used
today and refers to
both town hall
meetings to media
outlets.
Types of Oratory (The Greeks)
Forensic Oratory – legal contexts, such
as before a jury
 Deliberative Oratory – legislative or
political contexts
 Epideictic Oratory – for special
ceremonies, such as celebrations and
funerals
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Great Rhetoricians
Protagoras
 Plato
 Aristotle
 Cicero
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Canons of Rhetoric (Aristotle)
Invention
 Arrangement
 Style
 Memory
 Delivery
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Invention (inventio – Cicero)
Adapting the speech information to the
audience to make your case (persuasive)
 Discovering your speech material (informative)
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INVENTION BREAK:
Compile a list of
informative and persuasive
topics in groups or as a class on
which you would like to hear
speeches.
Arrangement
(dispositio – Cicero)
Organizing the speech topic
 Outlining the topic points or claims
 Designing your visual aid
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(Disclaimer: The Greeks and Romans did not employ visual aids, such as this
PowerPoint slideshow, but relied mostly on oratorical skill).
Style (elocutio – Cicero)
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Meaning: a speaker’s
use of language to
express ideas.
Analogy: Two singers
can sing the same
words, but that doesn’t
mean you’ll like each
singer’s style.
Memory (memoria – Cicero)
The practice of the speech until it can be
artfully delivered.
 Remembering all of the lines of argument to
prove your case.
 Manuscripts used in Extemporaneous speaking
are flexible.
 Forensic speaking requires memorization of
manuscripts.
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Delivery
(pronounciatio – Cicero)
Includes elements
of vocal variety
and delivery style
 Involves nonverbal
behavior and
gestures used when
speaking
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Question
Knowing that you’ll soon be giving a speech,
about which one of the canons are you most
concerned or nervous?
A. Invention
B. Arrangement
C. Style
D. Memory
E. Delivery
Review the Canons in the Text
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Invention occurs when you analyze your audience (Ch.
6), select your topic (Ch. 7), and find and use
supporting material (Chs. 8-10).
Arrangement happens when you organize your
thoughts (Chs. 11, 12, & 26), and outline your speech
(Ch. 13).
Style refers to your use of language (Ch. 16).
Memory involves the method of delivery (Ch. 17).
Delivery refers to your vocal and nonverbal usage
(Chs. 18 & 19).
Chapter 1 Key Terms for Review
oratory
rhetoric
agora
forum
public forum
forensic oratory
deliberative oratory
epideictic oratory
canons of rhetoric
invention
arrangement
style
memory
delivery
dyadic communication
small group communication
mass communication
public speaking
source
encoding
receiver
decoding
feedback
audience perspective
message
channel
noise
shared meaning
rhetorical situation
culture
ethnocentrism
cultural intelligence