IT 10103
Introduction to Information Technology
CHAPTER 04
Computers
Basic Components needed for a functioning
computer
Basic Components
Motherboard
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory (RAM)
Video Card/Adapter
Basic Components
Hard Drive
Optical Drive
Case
Power Supply
Basic Components
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
Operating System (OS)
Floppy Drive
Modern Computers
ATX computers are the current standard
form-factor for PCs
The System Unit
The Case that contains electronic components
Mid-Tower
Mini-Tower
Full-Tower
Desktop
Micro-ATX
The Motherboard
System Board – The main circuit board of the
system unit
ASROCK “K7VT6“
ASROCK “P4V88 RAID
The Motherboard
Motherboard Chipsets
Those components that allow the motherboard
and other parts of a computer to function together
AMD
ALI
INTEL
ATI
NVIDIA
VIA
SIS
The Motherboard
Some Motherboard Manufacturers
ASUS
ASROCK
ABIT
CHAINTECH
GIGABYTE
AOPEN
INTEL
DFI
MSI
ECS
SOYO
JETWAY
TYAN
PCCHIPS
ALBATRON SUPERMICRO
The Motherboard
Motherboard
Key is to make sure your motherboard supports
the CPU, RAM, and expansion cards you plan on
using
The Processor
“The Brains of the Computer”
Components
Control Unit
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
The Processor
Control Unit
Reads & Interprets Program Instructions
Directs the Operation of the Processor
Controls the flow of programs and data into and
out of memory
The Processor
Arithmetic & Logic Unit
Arithmetic:
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division
Logic:
Comparisons (And, Or, Not)
The Processor
Machine Cycle
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Store
The Processor
Fetch
Calls an instruction into memory
The Processor
Decode
Figures out what the instruction is trying to do
The Processor
Execute
Does the decoded instruction
Add 2+2
The Processor
Store
Puts the answer 4 into memory for use by
another instruction
The Processor
Pipelining
Executing multiple instructions at the same time
FETCH
Instruction 1
Instruction 2
Instruction 3
Instruction 4
DECODE
EXECUTE
STORE
The Processor
The System Clock
A Crystal Oscillator on the Motherboard
that paces the machine cycle
The Processor
Clock Cycle
Measured in MHz or GHz
Megahertz = 1,000,000 cycles/sec
Gigahertz = 1,000,000,000 cycles/sec
The Processor
Clock Cycle
One clock cycle is calculated by dividing 1 by the
MHz or GHz
Example: (800 MHz CPU)
1/800,000,000 = 0.00000000125 or
1.25 nanoseconds (nano = billionth)
(1.25 billionths of a second)
The Processor
Clock Cycle
The shorter the clock cycle the faster the
processor
The Processor
Types of Processors
AMD Athlon X2
INTEL Core2Duo
The Processor
CPU Installation
ZIF Socket = Zero-Insertion Force Socket
The Processor
CPU Installation
Heat Sinks & Fans
The Processor
Parallel Processing
Multiple processors work together to
complete a set of instructions
CPU 01
Control
CPU
Answer
CPU 02
The Processor
Dual-Core Processors
AMD Athlon X2
INTEL Core2Duo
The Processor
Data Representation
ANALOG
DIGITAL
BINARY SYSTEM (2)
The Processor
Bit = 0 or 1
Byte = 8 bits
Byte = Character (ABC, 012, etc)
The Processor
Hertz
a unit of frequency of electrical vibrations
equal to one cycle per second
The Processor
MHz – Megahertz
Mega = Million
GHz – Gigahertz
Giga = Billion
THz – Terahertz
Tera = Trillion
INTEL
Pentium 3
Celeron
Celeron-D
Pentium-M
Pentium 4
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition
Xeon
Itanium
Core2Duo
AMD
Athlon
Duron
Sempron
Athlon XP
Athlon MP
Opteron
Athlon 64
Athlon 64 FX
Athlon X2
The Processor
Where to find information about Processors:
www.amd.com
www.intel.com
www.newegg.com
www.mwave.com
www.pricewatch.com
MEMORY
Random Access Memory
(RAM)
MEMORY
Kilobyte (KB/K) = 1,024 bytes
or 210
Megabyte (MB/M) = 1,048,576 bytes
or 220
Gigabyte (GB/G) = 1,073,741,824 bytes
or 230
MEMORY
Memory Speeds:
Millisecond = One-thousandth/sec
Microsecond = One-millionth/sec
Nanosecond = One-billionth/sec
Picosecond = One-trillionth/sec
MEMORY
Most common form of memory is
Dynamic Random Access Memory
(DRAM)
MEMORY
Common RAM Types
SDRAM
DDR SDRAM
MEMORY
Common RAM Types
DDR2 SDRAM
RDRAM (RAMBUS)
MEMORY
Common DDR SDRAM Types
DDR Speed PC Rating
DDR 200 PC1600
DDR 266 PC2100
DDR 333 PC2700
DDR 400 PC3200
DDR2 400
PC3200
DDR2 533
PC4200
DDR2 667
PC5300
DDR2 800
PC6400
MEMORY
How Much RAM do I Need?
256 MB Minimum for Windows XP
512 MB Minimum for Audio/Video Editing
1000 MB Minimum for 3D Design/Animation
2000 MB for Windows XP x64
2000 MB for Windows Vista x32
4000 MB for Windows Vista x64
MEMORY
CACHE
High Speed Memory that stores instructions
and data for frequent use
MEMORY
L1 Cache – CPU - Fastest
8 KB to 128 KB 2-4ns
L2 Cache – Motherboard - Slower
64 KB to 4 MB 3-6ns
L3 Cache – Motherboard – Slower
256 KB – 4 MB 4-8ns
MEMORY
Read Only Memory
(ROM)
Cannot Erase
Stores Permanent Data and Instructions
MEMORY
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is the built-in
software that determines what a computer can do
without accessing programs from a disk
MEMORY
Flash Memory
Can be erased electronically
CMOS - Uses a Battery to retain data
Also external form available:
Expansion Slots
Expands the capabilities of a computer
Adapter Cards
Adds new features to the computer
Page 204
Ports
Allows connection of peripherals
Page 206-210
Buses
An electrical channel for the computer
components to communicate
Bus
Width Bus Speed Bus Bandwidth
(bits)
(MHz)
(MBytes/sec)
8-bit ISA
8
8.3
7.9
16-bit ISA
16
8.3
15.9
EISA
32
8.3
31.8
VLB
32
33
127.2
PCI
32
33
127.2
64-bit PCI 2.1
64
66
508.6
AGP
32
66
254.3
AGP (x2 mode)
32
66x2
508.6
AGP (x4 mode)
32
66x4
1,017.3
AGP (x8 mode)
32
66x8
2,034.4
PCI-X
64
133
1.06 GB/Sec
Peripheral Component Interconnect Extended
BAYS
Page 212
QUESTIONS?
Assignment # 02
Page 223
True/False 1-12
Page 224
Multiple Choice 1-14
Page 225
Matching 1-10
Short Answer 1-5