Digma, Bayan at
Pagbabago
How the Filipinos reacted to
colonization
Kahulugan (meaning)
• Digmaan, Pakikipaglaban (Revolt,
Revolution, Insurrection)
• Bayan – lupang tinubuan
• Nacio- nation, nationalism
• Pagbabago- reforms, propaganda (20th
century advertisement)
Economy
• “Baligya”
• monopoly
• Mercantilism, maritime trade
•
• The Maharlikas were not tax payers during
the Spanish colonial period
19th century Economy
• Galleon trade was abolished in 19th cenury
•
• Laissez faire
•
• The Industrial Revolution in Europe brought
about the rise of media clase or middle class in
the Philippines.
• The opening of Suez Canal contributed to the
entry of the Philippines to world commerce.
Politics
• Relations with Holland, UK and China
• The Dutch also tried to invade the Philippines five
times but was repulsed by Spain with the help of the
Filipinos.
• -British troops also tried to conquer the Philippines.
• - Spain hated at China; the Spanish colonizers
massacred the Chinese.
• Sangley – they came and left
Politics
• Challenges to authority (1560-1820s)
• Rajah Sulayman, Bambalito, Tondo datus
• -Lapu-lapu, Dagohoy, Bankaw in Visayas
• Rajah Sultan Kudarat in Mindanao
• -Spanish colonial government was challenged by the
Portuguese and Dutch
• Portuguese starved Legazpi in Cebu; food blockade as a
weapon
Politics
• -The longest war waged by Spain in the Philippines happened in
Mindanao
• Spain had not succeeded in colonizing Mindanao
• Lumads are the Filipinos who refused to become Christians nor
Muslims
• Why were the Muslims not invaded by Spain?
• 1.Spain had low military capacity to break through the Kuta
(fort/moog).
• 2. Mindanao is far from Manila, center of power and governance
• 3. Spain was preoccupied by Dutch, British, Luzon and Visayas
uprisings
• 4. Islam provided a point of unity among the Muslims.
•
Politics
• Revolts that characterized the movements during the Spanish
period:
• 1. Agrarian uprisings in 1745 in the Tagalog regions
• 2. Political revolts which took place mainly in the northern Luzon
(Magalat, Revolt of the Irrayas, Sumuroy, Maniago, Malong’s
Rebellion, Diego Silang’s Revolt, Gabriela Silang’s Revolt, Palaris
Revolt, Basi Revolt
• 3. Culturally/religiously controlled uprisings in the Visayas,
particularly in Bohol that lasted 80 years (Tamblot, Bankaw, Tapar,
Dagohoy, Hermano Pule)
•
Politics
• Emergence of the Filipino sense of nationhood was initiated by the
following:
• Opening of the Philippines to world
commerce through the Suez Canal
• Rise of the middle class
• Secularization controversy
• Cavite Mutiny of 1872
Politics
• Reasons for failure of the revolts:
• Spain possessed superior weapons than the Indios
• Filipinos remained divided (Divide-and-Rule strategy of
Spain)
• Giving of positions and privileges to the datus
and Spanish authorities weakened unity and
prevented birth of leaders who can consolidate
the forces. (indulto de comercio, tribute)
• Different ethnoliguistic groups in 7, 107 islands.
Politics
The secularization controversy continued even with
the death of the GOMBURZA.
•
• -The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 had influenced Paciano
Rizal
• -Reason for the Basi Revolt was the prohibition of
drinking of basi among Ilocano farmers.
• The Spaniards used the word Indio to indicate the
inferiority of the Filipino race.
Politics
• Peaceful crusades for reforms which the Filipino intellectuals
started in response to the Spanish regime’s abuses-
• Reform Movement
• Propaganda Movement
Politics
• Spain’s counter propaganda
• A friar’s pamphlet that portrayed the Filipino as having low
mental ability and fitted only to work in the field and tend a
carabao-
• Si Tandang Basyong Macunat
Politics
Politics
• The following signaled the beginning of the Propaganda Movement:
• Cavite Mutiny
• Martyrdom of Gomburza
• Filipinization of Philippine parishes
• Opening of the Suez Canal and the world
market
Politics
• The propagandistas sought this reform for
• -
basic human rights for the Filipinos
• -equality of Filipinos and Spaniards
before the law
• -restoration of Filipino representation
to the Cortez
Politics
• La Solidaridad
• It was the official organ of the Reform Movement
• -It was a vehicle for the expression of the political
views of the reformers.
• -It was a forum for discussion of the issues
concerning the Philippines.
•
Politics
• Katipunan was anchored on the political platform of
•Separating the
Philippines from Spain
Politics
• Reasons for the failure of the Reform Movement-
• petty quarrels among the reformists
• Spain’s preoccupation with its own
internal problems
• lack of finances to support propaganda
activities
Politics
La Liga Filipina was a reformist society
Politics
• . Rizal was not in favor of the
revolution because
• the Katipuneros were unprepared for
armed struggle
Politics
• The Katipunan was rift apart when-
• The elites elected another elite, Aguinaldo, as
President of the Revolutionary Government
• Andres Bonifacio declared the election null and
void
• When Bonifacio decided to have the Naic
Agreement that did not recognize Aguinaldo’s
leadership
• When Aguinaldo signed Bonifacio’s death
penalty
Politics
• Rizal’s family members were revolutionaries because-
• Paciano Rizal was a general in the Katipunan
• His sisters had put up the Masonry for
women
• His sisters and a niece were officials of KKK
• Josephine Bracken joined the Katipunan
when Rizal died
Politics
• General Antonio Luna’s death triggered the following
issues-
• Emilio Aguinaldo had him killed just like Andres
Bonifacio
• He was not killed, according to Aguinaldo’s
grandson, DOTC Secretary Joseph Emilio
Aguinaldo Abaya
• He was killed because the Kawit regimen hated
him
• He was killed because he was against the
Politics
• The Pact of Biak-na-Bato had not the
ended Filipino-Spanish hostilities.
• The Treaty of Paris had ended the
Spanish-American War of 1898
• The Battle of Manila Bay was a naval
battle that led to the transformation
Culture
• Feudalistic society
• -Metamorphosis of bahay kubo into
bahay na bato
• -Hispanization of Filipino surnames
• -Indigenization of Spanish and Chinese
cuisine
Culture
• Culture was transformed through the-
• Introduction of the Latin alphabet
• Introduction of printing
• Appearance of Theocratic literature
• Persistence of folk art
Culture
• The Filipino concept of beauty
changed
• – with aquiline nose, white
complexioned
Education
• The Spaniards decided not to teach the
Indios the Spanish language because
• They may learn to fight if they understand
how the friars run the country
Religion
• The transfer of ministries established by the regular clergy to
the Filipino seculars
secularization
Religion
• The babaylans had always been a threat to
Spain’s spreading of Christianity in the
archipelago.
• The GOMBURZA clamored for the
secularization of the parishes.