International Summit on the Energy Water
Food Nexus between 26th to 28th March
2015 at FAMU.USA
Climate Change, Food Security and
Climate Smart Agriculture
The Indian perspective
Dr. Kirit N Shelat
Executive Chairman,
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable
Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD)
Post Box No. 4146, Navrangpura Post Office, Ahmedabad
– 380 009. Gujarat, INDIA.
Phone: 079-26421580 (Off) 09904404393(M)
Email: info@nccsdindia.org Website: www.nccsdindia.org
Dr. Bharat C Patel
Director,
BP Energy & Environmental Consultants, USA
&
Council Member of
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable
Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD)1
Email: bpatel46@gmail.com , Phone: (609) 721- 3552
Food Security and Climate Change: Three intertwined Challenges
The Global Situation
Ensuring Food Security
• Enough food but in 2010-12 almost 870 million people were estimated to
be undernourished (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations et
al…2012). In addition, another billion people are malnourished.
• The paradox is that concomitantly a large number of people mainly in richer
countries are over eating, resulting in long-term health issues.
• For poor farmers, food is not only a basic need but it is the single, and often
fragile, support for maintaining livelihood.
• What is true at the household level is also true at the macroeconomic level.
There are 32 countries, 20 of them in Africa, facing food crisis and in need
of international emergency support. In most of these countries, agriculture
is an important source of employment.
2
Food Security and Climate Change: Three intertwined Challenges
• Objective is to ensure food and nutrition security, worldwide. Need to
make sure that enough food is accessible to everyone, everywhere,
physically and economically.
• Between now and 2050, the world’s population will increase by one-third.
Most of the additional 2 billion people will live in developing countries and
more people will be living in cities.
• FAO estimates that production will have to increase by 60 percent by 2050
to satisfy the expected demands for food and feed.
• Objective is achievable provided the entire Agriculture sector is moved to
adapt climate smart agriculture practices.
(Source: Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook, FAO -2013)
3
Climate Change Impacts and Human Rights
• Direct climate impacts, such as extreme weather events and rising seas, threaten millions of people in
coastal and low-lying areas, while melting snow and ice threaten the security of indigenous people of
the Arctic.
• Loss of freshwater resources and glacial melt put communities at risk in the Andes and the Himalayas.
• At the same time, intruding seas contaminate groundwater in coastal communities. Ocean
acidification and changes in weather patterns alter ecosystems and their capacity to provide goods
and services to human communities.
• Increasing weather extremes constrain food security and access to nutritious forms of food while
changing the prices of global commodities, making food more expensive and harder to access for the
world’s poorest people.
Continuing delays in mitigating climate change mean the costs of adapting are increasing, as is the risk of
experiencing severe and irreversible loss and damage. A recent UNEP report estimates that adaptation
costs in developing countries are two to three times higher than projected in previous studies.
• Climate change has exacerbated poverty for vulnerable people around the world - and will continue
to do so - even though they are the least responsible for causing it.
(Source: Adapted from Climate Change: tackling the greatest human rights challenge of our time Centre for International Environmental Law & CARE International – Feb 2015)
4
Climate Impact
Human Impact
Over all impact
Sea Level Rise
• Flooding
• Sea surges
• Erosion
• Salination of land and water
• Loss of land
• Drowning, injury
• Lack of clean water, disease
• Damage to coastal infrastructure, homes, and
property
• Loss of agricultural lands & Livestock
• Threat to tourism, lost beaches
• Salinity ingress root – level of crops and trees
• Increase in poverty
Temperature Increase
• Change in disease vectors
• Coral bleaching
• Impact on fisheries
• Spread of disease
• Changes in traditional fishing
• livelihood and commercial fishing
• Threat to tourism, lost coral and fish diversity
• Decline productivity – overall
production
- Agriculture
- Livestock
- Fishes
Extreme Weather Events
• Threat to food and health
security of hungry million
• Higher intensity storms
• Sea surges
• Delayed monsoon
• Long interval between rain –
spells
• Early withdrawal of monsoon
• Dislocation of populations
• Contamination of water supply
• Damage to infrastructure: delays in medical
treatment, food crisis
• Psychological distress
• Increased transmission of disease
• Damage to agricultural lands
• Disruption of educational services
• Damage to tourism sector
• Massive property damage
Changes in Precipitation
• Change in disease vectors
• Erosion
• Outbreak of disease – both in crops and trees &
Human beings
• Depletion of agricultural soils
• New health problems
Source: Adapted from Climate Change: tackling the greatest human rights challenge of our time - Centre for International
5
Environmental Law & CARE International – Feb 2015
There are three kinds of impact of change in climate
A concurrent impact which is
taking place over the decades.
This has already affected
productivity and reduction in
water resources, while cost of
energy is growing higher
At local level action plan is needed to
provide by taking stock of what has
happened to soil and its productivity and
same about livestock due to changes in
weather – increase in temperature etc
Unexpected change in weather
pattern during monsoon season
like delayed rain, long intervals
for rain or heavy rain – flood has
already affecting Horticulture
crops.
A contingency plan to modify cropping
pattern. This has to be part of local level
(Taluka Level) action plan and
Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan
(CDAP). This is already prepared by Agri.
Universities but need to be made available to
farmers
Major calamity like floods,
cyclone/tornado , cloud burst etc
Need restoration strategy because such
disasters some time wipe out entire soil
strata and sweet water sources including
6
livestock and shelter
CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER CYCLE
Understanding impact of Climate Change on Water Cycle for Agriculture
•
•
•
•
•
•
Underground water resources are reducing due to high discharge by tube wells –
for agriculture and more for washrooms in new urban enclaves.
Increased competition for water resources by expanding industries, urban areas drives away water even from irrigation dams.
Increase in temperature results in higher evaporation rate and reduced water
availability. Further reducing “Soil Moisture” directly impacting on crop
productivity and its sustainability. This causes drinking water scarcity for cattle and
human beings and require migration plan.
Rise in sea – level is already being experienced in villages of Dandi – Navsari,
Cambay – Anand resulting in direct loss of agri. land. This may need planned
shifting of village site and/or protection walls, and planting Bamboos, Mangroves
and Casuarinas.
Inundation from flood – reduces arable land or wipe out surface soil.
Role of Agri. Scientist is to identify vulnerability of local area – Taluka wise and give
Agro Advisory – how to preserve and use water.
7
Climate change and its impact on water cycle at local level
Element of Water
Cycle
Annual precipitation
Climate Change
Expected to increase globally during the 21st Century, with
potentially great spatial variations
Expected to increase everywhere
Inter-annual
variations in
precipitations
Seasonal variability of  Expected to increase everywhere
rainfall
 Delayed monsoon
 Interim delay within season
Soil moisture stress
Moisture stress to generally increase as a result of increasing
(droughts)
variability of rainfall distribution (longer periods without rain)
and increasing temperatures and deplete soil moisture faster
than natural vegetation
Floods
Increased as a result of increasing frequency and intensity of
extreme rainfall events. Flood intensity can affect standing
crops, wash away upper fertile crust of soil and cause soil
8
erosion (Navsari District)
Climate change and its impact on water cycle at local level
Element of Water Cycle
River discharge
Groundwater
Evapotranspiration
Water quality (in
rivers, lakes and
aquifers)
Salinity in rivers and
aquifers
Climate Change
Increased variability as a result of changes in rainfall patterns.
Changes in annual runoff expected to vary from region to
region
Varies as a function of changes in rainfall volumes and
distribution. Impact is complex, with floods contributing to
increasing recharge, and droughts leading to increased
pumping
Increases as a function of temperature increases
Moderate impact though temperature increases
Salinity ingress
Potentially high impact where sea water level
rise combines with reduced runoff and increased withdrawal
(Source: Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook, FAO -2013)
9
Some Important leads
• Anand Agricultural
University for Gujarat
• 3°C increase could
reduce
– CERES-Peanut
(Groundnut) yield
by 31.2% / yr.
– CERES-Wheat by
about 44% / yr.
Across India as a whole
•
Drought in 2002 reduced 15 million hectares of
the rainy-season crops - loss of > 10% in food
grain production.
•
2013 delayed monsoon rains caused a fall in
rice cultivation.
•
Terminal heat stress is lowering yields of latesown wheat yields and cold waves during
December 2002-January 2003 significantly
affected mustard, mango, guava, papaya,
brinjal, tomato and potato in northern India.
•
Cold wave in 2006 damaged 50-60 % of young
and 20-50 % old mango trees.
•
Heat waves
– Nearly 20 lakh birds perished in June
2003.
– Can reduce milk yield by 10-30% in first
lactation and 5-20% in second and third
lactation periods in cattle and buffaloes.
10
Small farmers stared at big losses
the last monsoon season
• Monsoon delay has pushed 20 of the 75 districts in UP to the
brink of drought.
• Worst-hit are in Meerut, Kanpur and Varansi, where dry spell
has damaged paddy.
• Unusual rain has harmed crops in parts of Bankura, Purulia
and East Midnapore in Bengal.
• Large-scale flooding, after heavy rains affected 23 districts in
Odisha and entire regions of Kashmir.
•
Source: Economic Times, 7 September, 2014
11
Soil & Climate Change
•
Soil Moisture content affected
•
Soil erosion including washing away
•
Soil productivity
 reduced
 capacity to grow and sustain same crop every year
not certain, resulting in low yield or crop failure
12
Effect of Climate Changes on Live Stock
• Summer – Drought- heat waves
• Monsoon – Floods , Heavy Rains
& long period, interval of rain
• Winter and severe cold
o Milch cattle: milk yield goes
down in increased heat or cold
wave
o Poultry: egg yield goes down
o Fisheries: fish catch goes away
Indian Situation
14
Indian Situation
•
•
•
•
India’s success over six decades:
– 2 % to 3% sustainable agriculture growth
– Brought many out of poverty
– Tackled many adverse climate and geographic challenges
– Validated research into rise in productivity
– Several states and individual farmers with average productivity, higher than,
or equal to international level
– But there is unequal growth between agriculture and other sectors like
services and manufacturing. Latter have average growth of 8% - 10%. This is
increasing rural and urban divide
– Further there is unequal growth between farmers at local level in same village
with similar land and water resources, one makes profit and other fails –
commits suicide
Adverse impacts of climate change pushes even successful farmers back to
poverty
Farmers suicide / large scale exodus to urban centers
There are still about 30% farmers below poverty line
15
Why is Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) need of time?
What CSA means:
• Helps achieve sustainable development goals.
• Integrates and coordinates– social, economical and environmental
development to meet the challenge of providing sustainable (a) livelihood
to farmers (b) food security to hungry millions, and (c) eradication of
poverty.
It is composed of four pillars:
• Increase agriculture productivity and income.
• Adapt and build resilience to climate change.
• Reduce GHG emissions without harming farmer’s interest.
• Use agriculture as a major tool for the mitigation of CO2- absorb CO2 and
release Oxygen through photosynthesis process. It envisages to achieve
this through (a) increased cropping by reducing rain fed areas through
integrated water and river basin management (b) expansion of agriculture
on wasteland, wetland, degraded fallow areas and urban agriculture.
16
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
• It prepares farmers to be agriculture smart on a regular permanent basis
rather than ad hoc or transitory to survive the onslaught impact of
climate change.
• The challenge before Agriculture Administration: - the Agriculture
Scientists, Extension Teams and Agricultural Organizations both Public and
Private, and of course Public leadership is to make this happen.
• It is an approach for addressing the development efforts towards the
technical policy and investment condition by mainstreaming agriculture in
overall development strategy at local level - village level.
17
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
Climate Smart and Sustainable Agriculture
Despite adverse climate impact on crops/animals, income to farmers should
not decrease. It needs to provide opportunities to farmers to have multiple
sources of income from agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, milch cattle
and poultry. So when one fails, other supports.
It provides opportunity to young members of family to acquire multiple skills,
support for setting up microenterprise locally, based on demand and supply
situation or set up protected agriculture, farmers with use of green house
technology.
It provides safety net at the time of natural calamities – by way of crop
insurance – for crops and animal husbandry.
It provides employment in community projects during lean season or at times
of drought or whenever needed.
18
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
•
•
•
•
Sustainable development is a pattern of natural resource use that aims to meet
human needs while protecting the environment simultaneously.
This ensures that the need for resources can be met not only in the present, but also
in the infinite future.
The word “Sustainable Development” has well-known implications.
It is a long-term activity. It involves the use of natural resources. It implies economic
growth with socio economic and environmental content to provide sustainable
livelihood.
Sustainable livelihood means.....
•
•
•
•
Provide enough to all to live or exist.
It should not become less and that,
There is gradual increase in income for better quality of life.
This should happen at local level – village level
19
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
Climate smart agriculture involves :
•
Crop pattern based on soil health and moisture analysis of individual
pieces of land to support crops that can be sustained by its soil.
•
Local Weather Advisory – not national or state level - long term,
medium term and short term with inputs to take precautionary actions
directly to farmers.
•
Immediate Agro – advisory after unexpected weather changes have
occurred for timely corrective action to prevent crop loss.
•
Nutritional and preventive vaccination to cattle and poultry.
•
All these by direct communication to the farmers at their doorsteps.
•
And use all available scientific technology to make agriculture more
productive, less costly and linked with value added market mechanism.
20
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
It further involves use of :

Biodiversity

Integrated Soil Fertility Management System (ISFM)

Conservation of agriculture system

Organic and inorganic inputs

Agroforestry , Perennial crops

Crop selection, crops which can be sustained in such conditions

Resource Conserving Technologies (RCTS)

Soil health and moisture analysis card for each farmer with details
of (a) that can be sustained (b) nutrient that are needed.
This in context of change in demand for food products and increased demand
for poultry products, meat, dairy products and fruits & vegetables.
21
Water Cycle - Vulnerability of Areas and Typical Solutions – Gujarat – India
Major
Agricultural
System
Kutch
North
Gujarat
Vulnerability
Main
Climate
Change
Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive Capacity
Typical Response Main Climate
Options.
Rainfall
variability,
droughts,
floods
High: mostly
rain fed agriculture,
marginal lands,
poor soil moisture
capacity
Low: high prevalence
of poverty, limited
options, knowledge,
social safety nets
and resources
Watershed management and on
farm water storage for water
conservation; Integrated Water
Resources Management in river
basins; Investment in social
infrastructures
High
temperatu
res
rainfall
variability,
droughts
High: crop and
animal sensitivity to
high temperature
and droughts, high
population density
on marginal lands
Low: high prevalence
of poverty, limited
options, knowledge,
social safety nets
and resources,
limited capacity for
water storage
On-farm water storage; crop
insurance; increased productivity
through better crop-livestock
integration; integrated water
resources management.
22
Water Cycle - Vulnerability of Areas and Typical Solutions – Gujarat – India
Major
Agricultural
System
Valsad
Navsari
South &
Middle
Gujarat
Vulnerability
Main Climate
Change
Exposure
Reduction in
annual rainfall,
increased
rainfall
variability,
reduction in
runoff and
aquifer
recharge, high
temperatures,
higher
occurrence of
droughts and
floods
Sensitivity
Variable, depending
on the region and
level on reliance on
agricultural activities.
Agricultural systems
highly sensitive to
changes in
temperature and
water availability.
Adaptive
capacity
Low adaptive
capacity for
agriculture in
water scarce areas
Typical Response Main
Climate Options.
Water conservation
where possible; Integrated
Water Resources
Management; Crop
Insurance; improved
floods and drought
management plans;
shifting out of
agriculture
23
Water Cycle - Vulnerability of Areas and Typical Solutions – Gujarat – India
Major
Agricultural
System
Vulnerability
Main Climate
Change
Exposure
Junagadh Increased
Saurashtra rainfall
variability,
Region
Sensitivity
Medium to low. Some
high yielding varieties
more sensitive to
reduced water temperature and
availability in
water stress
places.
rain-fed agriculture
Adaptive capacity
Possibilities to
compensate
water stress
through
supplemental
irrigation in many
regions; low
capacity in water
scarce areas
Typical Response
Main Climate
Options.
On-farm storage
for supplemental
irrigation; Integrated
Water Resources
Management at river
basin level
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – 2013
24
RIVERBASIN MANAGEMENT
River is an important physical agent
that plays a vital role in distribution
of
water
and
maintaining
equilibrium of water in hydrological
cycle. The area from where river
collects water is termed as
watershed or catchment area. The
whole unit can be defined as a basin
where set of physical processes are
interlinked with each other and
maintain relationships between
biological and non biological
components.
Major civilizations have developed around rivers or within balanced
watershed regions due to healthiness of natural resources. Management of
such basins is key to maintaining balanced water cycle. Shri K. C. Shroff,
Veteran NGO, initiated this through Shree Vivekanand Research & Training
Institute (VRTI) in Rukmavati River basin in Mandvi and Kutch which is in an
arid area in State of Gujarat, India.
25
Tackling the Climate Change – water Cycle
Climate Change
Major culprit: CO2
Issues to tackle
•Food & Water Insecurity
•Deteriorating Soil Health
•Depleting Water Resources
Environmental Issues
•Increasing Temperature
•Change in Rainfall Pattern
•Change in Season Cycle
Emerging Approach
•Low external input system
•Land management
(Agriculture, grassland & forest)
•Promoting Photosynthesis
Promoting
Food & Water Security
through better Natural
Resources Management
Photosynthesis
to consume CO2
Integrated
River Basin
Management
Integrated River Basin Management Means…….
The Integrated River Basin Management can be
defined as a “process of coordinating conservation,
management and development of water, land and
related resources across sectors within a given river
basin.”
An integrated approach, using the whole River Basin
as a basis for holistic and sustainable planning, can
provide a good solution to ensure Economic, Social
and Environmental Sustainability and ensure Food
and Water Security.
Our Test Ground – Rukmavati River Basin of Kutch - An Semi Arid Region
Under Implementation
Rukmavati Basin
Samatra
Kurbai
Bheraiya
Dahinsara
Punadi
Bhadai Moti
Asambiya Mota
Stdudy Villages
Rukamavati
Wshed
Waterbody
River Bed
Drainage
Don
Koday
N
Mandvi
Maska
4
0
4
8 Kilometers
No of Villages
46
Total population
108033
Total Area
59075 Hac.
Total Agricultural Land
33477 Hac.
Irrigates Land
10268 Hac.
Cultivable Wasteland
5649 Hac.
Forest Area
4282 Hac.
Other Land
15671 Hac.
Energy and Climate Change Saving Practices
CSA OBJECTIVES
Energy
Smart
Food
objectives
Increased
Energy
Efficiency
Sustainable increases in
productivity and income
General:
Savings in energy costs (after
upfront costs for technology have
been paid) will result in increased
profit if productivity is not
excessively decreased
Specific:
Practices such as replacement of
synthetic fertilizers with application
of agricultural residues or manure,
which require fewer external inputs
and increase yields, can contribute
to both increased energy efficiency
and sustainable increases in
productivity and income.
Strengthened resilience to
climate change and
variability
General:
Savings in energy costs will
result in increased income
available to enhance
adaptive capacity
Decreased dependence on
energy inputs (especially
fossil fuels) will tend to
reduce vulnerability to
shocks in energy prices
Agriculture’s reduced
impact on climate
change
General:
Improvements in energy
efficiency, whether due
to lower embedded
energy in inputs or onfarm fuel combustion,
will reduce GHG
emissions in the
production chain
Some “climate-proof”
agricultural production and
energy systems may
result in lower energy
efficiency
Source: Climate Smart Agriculture – Handbook – FAO – 2013
30
Energy and Climate Change Saving Practices
CSA OBJECTIVES
Energy
Increased
Smart
Energy
Food
efficiency
objectives
Sustainable increases in productivity
and income
Strengthened
resilience to climate
change and variability
Practices that reduce external energy
inputs and (at least) maintain yields,
such as reduced or zero tillage, will
increase energy efficiency and
sustainably increase income. If such
practices are combined with others
that increase yields (such as nitrogen
fixing cover crops or manure trees),
this can contribute to both energy
efficiency and sustainable increases in
productivity and income.
Specific:
Practices such as
conservation
agriculture that
enhance crop cover,
soil water retention
and soil organic
matter may increase
resilience to drought
and extreme weather
events
There is also much scope for
enhanced post-harvest technologies
and practices that contribute to both
energy efficiency and sustainable
increases in productivity and income,
such as improved crop and food
storage, packaging and distribution.
Agriculture’s reduced
impact on climate change
Specific:
Practices such as reduced
or zero tillage, precision
agriculture, replacement of
synthetic fertilizers with
agricultural residues or
manure, elimination of
pesticides through
integrated pest
management or enhanced
distribution logistics that
reduce fossil fuel
Drip irrigation tends
combustion will generally
to enhance resilience lead to reduced GHG
and may increase
emissions. Reduced or zero
energy efficiency
tillage, in combination with
through its impacts on permanent crop cover,
productivity –
crop rotation and
compared flow
elimination of
irrigation through by
agrochemicals may also
direct pumping.
sequester carbon
31
Potential Benefits of the Key resource conserving technologies (RCTS) in terms of
climate change adaptation relative to conventional practices
Raised bed planting
Leaf colour chart for N
management, nitrification
inhibitors
Crop residue management
Sprinkler/drip irrigation
Less water use, improved drainage, better residue
management, less lodging of crop, more tolerant to water
stress
Reduces fertilizer N requirement, reduced N loss and
environmental pollution, reduced nitrous oxide emission
Moderates soil temperature, improves soil quality, reduces
soil erosion, reduces evaporation losses and conserves soil
moisture, increases C sequestration, avoids burning and
reduces environment pollution, increases tolerance to heat
stress, reduces weed infestation.
Increases water and nutrient use efficiency, reduces GHG
emissions
32
Potential Benefits of the Key resource conserving technologies (RCTS) in terms of
climate change adaptation relative to conventional practices
RCT
Potential benefits relative to conventional practices
Zero tillage
Reduced water use, C sequestration, increases yield and
income, reduced fuel consumption, reduced GHG emission,
more tolerant to heat stress
Land leveling
Reduced water use, reduced fuel consumption, reduced
GHG emissions, increased area for cultivation
Direct drill seeding of rice
Less requirement of water, time saving, better post-harvest
condition of field, deeper root growth, more tolerance to
water and heat stress, reduced methane emission
Diversification
Efficient use of water, increased income, increased
nutritional security, conserve soil fertility, reduced risk
Source: Dr. J. C. Dagar, Ex. ADG (ICAR)
33
ACTION AREAS
CONTIGENCY PLAN
CONTINGENCY PLAN UNDER UNFORESEEN CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS
Contingency Plan is developed based on past experiences and local
vulnerability. It includes agro advisory to farmers based on natural weather
event, alternative crops and water management practices, selection of
alternative crops, reseeding and early or delayed harvest.
34
Impact of disaster and Action Needed
•
Permanent increase in sea level and
submergence of agriculture land
•
•
•
•
Washing away of soil strata and
spreading of salinity due to cyclone,
both underground and over-ground
Receding of sea level in certain areas
opening of barren saline land
•
•
Farmers have to be given alternative
land
If feasible protection wall has to be
constructed along with plantation of
bamboo, mangroves etc outside of the
wall
Soil replacement
New cropping pattern based on fresh
Soil Health & Moisture Analysis along
with Analysis of Water.
a. sub soil water strata
b. water availability for irrigation
from wells/tube wells
• Making available certified seeds and
other inputs for cropping pattern
suggested and agro advisory on new
crop management – Kutch case studies
• Growing of Mangroves, Bamboos in
such areas to prevent salinity ingress.
35
Impact of disaster and Action Needed
Wastage of fields due to Reconstruction of check
floods in overflow river/ dams on adoption of
check dam bursting
River Basin Management
•
Loss of tractors,
•
storage bins and
agriculture implements.
•
Death of livestock and
poultry due to floods
Cropping pattern based
on Soil Health &
Moisture Analysis along
with making available
seeds and other inputs.
Replacement by special scheme
There is a need to develop a specific agriculture restoration policy by expanding
current Relief Scheme.
36
Multiple Source of Income
MULTIPLE SOURCE OF INCOME
• Objective - make farmers and their income resilient to climate change. If
one fails other sustains. This initiative has to be guided by local public
governance system and civil society.
Poultry / Cattle with Crop
• Crop system and livestock when they are together, waste of one is
resource for other. Milch cattle cows – weekly cash flow to family when
incomes from crops are at the end of season. Animals like cows provide
gobar and urine which is manure to crops. While most crop residue is
feed to animals. Both reduces cost and enhance efficiency. Further
livestock constitute a capital which can be converted into cash and in
case even if one fails, other supports thus offer a way to escape poverty
and provide coping mechanism in vulnerable and variable environment.
37
Multiple Source of Income
Rice – Fish: This can be concurrent production system and is prevalent in
some parts of our country. Can be useful to propagate rice growing areas
of Navsari and Anand. It can add to income and also provide balanced
diet.
Agro Forestry: Use of trees and shrubs as a part of agriculture system.
• It prevents soil erosion
• Facilitates water infiltration
• Diminishes impact of extreme weather
• Trees also provide fodder to livestock – improves soil fertility due to
enhanced nitrogen and carbon sinks
• More of all, sale provides alternative income.
• This already exists, but needs to be expanded.
Agriculture and Handicraft: Handicraft including tailoring provides alternative
source of income and sustains farmers in time of drought when both
livestock and crops provides low or no income.
38
CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH
Multiple Source of income
Name
Of
Block
Name of
Member
1
Charop
Abdasa
adi Nani
Sodha
Ladhubha
Aamrji
2
Charop
adi
Moti
Abdasa
Mandhara
Mariyamb
ai Sidhik
Farming
3
Charoa
pdi
Moti
Maheswari
Abdasa
Tejbai
Vachiya
Farming
Jetham
alpar
Bhatt
Bhupatram
Abdasa
Mohbatra
m
Sr.
No
4
5
Name
Of
Village
Bhoa
Abdasa
Chuahan
Khetubha
Bhojubha
Best
Week
Occupati
Year
Year
on
Income Income
Farming
Farming
Farming
Livelihood Project Joined After
Income
from
alternate
source
8000
Anim
al
RLF
Farming
Inputs
Sewing
machine
40000
50000
12000
Farm
er
loan
Sewing
machine
Ration
shop
30000
45000
15000
Floor Asset(Tra
mill
ctor )
54000
30000
Anim
al
RLF
Land
levelling
40000
12000
Anim
al
RLF
Land
levelling
30000
55000
30000
Sewing Kitchen
machine Garden
55000
39
CASE STUDIES FROM KUTCH
Multiple Source of Income
6
7
8
Maheswari
Rodasar Lakhapat
Kanbai
Farming 50000 20000
Gopal
Ukir
Ukir
Animal
RLF
Ration
Shop
Kitchen
Garden
Home
Floor
Mill
Kitchen
Garden
Animal
RLF
Abdasa
Luhar
Hanifabai
Alimamad
Farming 30000 10000
Ration
Shop
Abdasa
Luhar
Kulsumbai
Haji
Farming 35000 12000
Sewing
machine
Seed
Farming 50000 25000
Support
Farming 60000 20000
9
Bara
Abdasa
Maheswari
Lakha Karu
10
Bara
Abdasa
Jadeja
Takhatsinh
Animal
RLF
72000
Animal
RLF
48000
40000
Crop
Loan
Kishan
Credit
Card
Irrigated
Farming
Diesel
Engine
Irrigated 10000
Farming
0
Crop
Loan
90000
40
Soil Health Card
Soil Health Card is a key to climate resilient crops. Since it is a
written guidance given to the farmers, they invariably follow
and as a result benefit.
It is a comprehensive new extension approach to provide
individual farmer a written guidance for his individual piece of
land in contrast to current system which provides contacted
farmers oral guidance.
Due to changing weather parameters, soil content get affected
and hence, this is required to be done every year. With modern
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) network this is feasible.
41
Soil Health Card
42
WEATHER FORECASTING
It is important to realize that erratic weather changes have already
brought huge adverse impacts on the entire Agriculture Sector, Crops –
Horticulture, Livestock and Poultry – Birds and Fisheries.
But this can be mitigated by (a) advance information and warnings by
meteorological departments though FM Radio & TV (b) Agro-Advisory
on information regarding impending weather forecast and unusual
pattern provided by Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) interlinked with India
Meteorological Department (IMD) on internet.
In the Farmers Interaction Meet with Experts during National
Conference organized by NCCSD at Anand Agricultural University (AAU)
– March, 2013, it was revealed that only 10% of farmers have access to
weather forecasting.
43
WEATHER FORECASTING
44
CASE STUDY : Transforming Dahod –
Dahod District – Gujarat – India
Before
After
45
Prior to 1974
In 2010
 Poorest district in the state & country
too

Achieved food security

 Roughly 90 % people in tribal villages
facing acute poverty
Housing conditions improved

School enrollment and attendance
increased manifolds



Ground water improved - CGWB
Irrigation coverage is around 30 %
450 community water resources
developed & managed by community
2,500 village institutions - users
groups managing their affairs & assets
65 rivers and rivulets made perennial
through series of structures
migration rate 10-15 %
six crore trees planted with 50 %
survival at long run
About 25,000 farmers opted for
horticulture
 Migration rate in non-irrigated
villages between 50-70 %
 The irrigation coverage 10 % in
records, in reality around 5 %
 Agriculture yields poorest in the state
 Milk production lowest in the state
 Literacy rate - lowest in the state –
women literacy in single digit
 Landscape almost barren with hardly
any tree cover
 Most forest land - without tree cover
 No horticulture activity





 No vegetable cultivation
 No floriculture
46
47
GUJARAT – INDIA - EXPERIENCE
NEW EXTENSION APPROACH
48
GUJARAT – INDIA - EXPERIENCE
NEW EXTENSION APPROACH
REACH OUT TO FARMERS AT DOORSTEP : ‘KRISHI MAHOTSAV APPROACH’ –
THE GUJART EXPERIENCE OF SUSTAINABLE CLIMATE RESILIENT
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
• Gujarat is a state situated on the western coast of India. Diverse in its
topography, it has 1600 km coast line and is home to the largest desert in
the country known as Rann of Kutch.
• The state has all possible handicaps faced by agriculture such as 70% of
agriculture being rain-fed, recurrent droughts, untimely/irregular rainfall
and some areas receiving rain only three to four days in a year.
• Gujarat’s agriculture suffered heavily whenever there were droughts. The
growth rate of agriculture used to be negative during such years. In a
normal year, the agricultural growth rate used to be 2 to 3%.
• Agriculture was not sustainable in many parts of the state due to
recurrent crop failures. However, this is a story of the last millennium.
49
NEW EXTENSION APPROACH
• In the new millennium, Gujarat, with determination and persistent
efforts, changed the agriculture scenario. From 2004 onwards, agriculture
witnessed a major turnaround with a growth of 11% per year. The state
became a front-runner in agricultural production in the country. This
turnaround became possible under an initiative in all 18,000 villages in
the state, known as “Krishi Mahotsav”.
• This was led from top by Chief Minister himself - for action at bottom the village level and at individual farmer level with focus on selection of
crops which soil can sustain and free input assistance to poor farmers. He
started first with direct dialogue with farmers and field functionaries
followed by interaction with experts and departmental secretaries.
• Entire model was developed based on the needs of farmers and to
provide knowledge and technology to them at their door steps. It is top to
bottom approach.
• The editor of book was responsible for developing policy and the detailed
implementation framework and to develop module to monitor its
implementation on a day to day basis for a period of one month prior to
50
monsoon – when actual field level action is taking place.
NEW EXTENSION APPROACH - 1
FARMERS AS CENTRE POINT
51
NEW EXTENSION APPROACH
• The key to this success was direct involvement of public leadership both
elected and non-elected members of Public Governance System. Effective
soil and water management and proper land use by using mass
communication approach-based, micro level management model was
introduced. On the water front, more than 1,00,000 check dams got
constructed compared to 6000 in the last decade.
• It interlinked rivers such as the Mahi and the Sabarmati. These rivers, in
turn, were linked with Narmada and Mahi canals. In its rain starved areas,
such as North Gujarat and Kutch, a special scheme for irrigation known as
“Sujalam-Sufalam” was introduced.
• Scientific agriculture was introduced by distributing Soil Health Card to
every farmer. This helped them make informed choice in the selection of
crops. Farmers now sowed crops that gave them higher return and were
sustainable in the soil of their farms.
• The poor farmers were focused for assistance. Every year 15 poor farmers
of each village were assisted with free Input – consisting of Certified
Seeds Packaging, Fertilizer and Pesticides and one tool such as a sprayer.
52
NEW EXTENSION APPROACH - 2
FARMERS IN CENTRE
53
NEW EXTENSION APPROACH
• A direct door-to-door extension programme for guiding the farmers at
village level was introduced under a pre-Kharif (pre-monsoon)
programme, known as :Kirishi Mahotsav’.
• Every village was visited by a development team comprising of agriscientists and officers from the veterinary department, co-operative,
irrigation department, rural development department and local banks
etc. High-yield crops were identified.
• The farmers were guided about using certified seeds and looking at price
of APMCs before selling their farm produce. The campaign is by District
Magistrate - DM and District Development Officer (DDO),
• Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics, a
institute set up in collaboration with Space Application Centre (SAC),
Ahmedabad, by the Government of Gujarat, prepared a micro-level plan
for land use by identifying sites for check dams and village ponds for
every village.
54
NEW EXTENSION APPROACH
• Information and Communication Technology material was made available
to the farmers in their mother tongue for crop management, including
use of fertilizers and pesticides. Free phone help lines were introduced to
answer the queries of farmers.
• All these initiatives were backed by total involvement of public
leadership, both elected and non-elected. And all schemes related to
farmers (narrated in chart) here converged at village level for
implementation. The Chief Minister to village Sarpanch, the Chief
Secretary to village level worker, voluntary agencies, input dealers and cooperatives and bankers – the rank and file of institutions were involved in
the mass communication meets at village level.
• The joint initiative brought about sustainability in Gujarat agriculture,
bringing about overall growth in all important crops and an increase in
the per capita income of the average farmer. The major transformation
occurred in the state’s most difficult areas of Saurashtra, Kutch and North
Gujarat.
• It is necessary that such experiences are replicated all over the country –
in all its villages. The turnaround in Gujarat was due to effective public
leadership.
55
NEW EXTENSION APPROACH – 2
56
Initiative Needed at International level
for Local Problems
• Global warming is an international phenomena but its impact is at local
level.
• At local level, the major sufferers are farmers. Others face warm/cold
winds or floods, but their sufferings are for temporary period. But
farmers tend to lose their livelihood, their crops fail; their assets like
cattle or poultry die or suffer low productivity. This is the threat to Food
Security.
• But in international negotiations in Conference of Parties “suffering of
farmers” has not been an important concern.
• That is why there is a need for climate justice
• It is not feasible to directly hold a polluter responsible to compensate
harmed farmer for the harm caused.
57
Initiative Needed at International level for Local Problems
Enhancing Food Security and Reduce of Poverty
International Community should :
•
Recognize agriculture as a major mitigation tool and adopt mechanism to
address the loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate in highly
vulnerable countries to restore agriculture and immediately prepare farmers for
adaptation including mid-season.
•
Allocate green fund for
- Technology transfer from “those who have it to those who need it”
- Bring new areas such as wasteland and wetland under agriculture for creating
livelihood opportunities and to meet the challenges of food security.
•
Make available special financial support for community bio-gas plants, grassland
development in desert areas.
•
Identify crops – plants species which survive on saline water soil.
•
Sensitize national governments to provide safety net to farmers in terms of
insurance and fallback employment in community projects.
•
Set International Weather Advisory to support countries who do not have local
advisory
•
Promote international trade for value added agriculture.
58
Initiative Needed at International level for Local Problems
Enhancing Food Security and Reduce of Poverty
o Set up Knowledge Multiplier Model and provide technology of CSA from
“those who have it to those who need it”.
o Develop an international grievance mechanism to ensure that areas
affected by cyclone and draught are brought into production by
restoration of agriculture .
o Involve local level stake holders in International Deliberations.
59
CURRENT SITUATION
Many countries experience decline in growth rate of agriculture, including
India. Agriculture as a profession has proved to be uneconomical to many
due to adverse impact of climate change.
In India, the annual growth rate in the agriculture sector is about 3%, while
that of industrial sector is 10 to 12% and the service sector 30 to 35%.
As a result the farming community is switching over to non-agriculture
activities. As per NSSO – 2005, in India 60% of the farmers do not like
farming.
Moreover, it has also resulted in migration of population from rural to urban
areas. This has created urban and rural divide.
Even in rural segment, progressive and visionary farmers are becoming rich
and the traditional farmers are committing either suicide or are embracing
Naxalism.
It has created food shortage for increasing population and fodder shortage
for animals.
60
A WIN-WIN SITUATION
• The public governance system – both elected and non-elected need to
reach out to farmers and youth and provide them with sustainable
development.
• The natural endowment in the form of unutilized wasteland resources
and unlimited sunshine in tropical areas of our India can be used smartly.
• There is lack of data on the reduction in absorption of CO2 occurred as a
result of declining vegetative cover, de-forestation, decrease of area for
agriculture activities, increased industrialization and urbanization and
increase of fallow agriculture land due to migration to urban centers. In
reality, there is substantial reduction in natural photosynthesis process,
which has increased CO2 in the atmosphere. Unfortunately the experts of
Global Warming – whether local or international or responsible
organizations responsible have failed to take into account this issue.
61
A WIN-WIN SITUATION
Bringing vast waste lands under vegetative cover, to absorb CO2 from
atmosphere, can provide sustainable livelihood and provide required
capacity to meet the challenges of food security. More importantly, it
can bring back the balance in the interaction and interdependence of
nature’s five forces: the sky, the earth, the sun, the water and the
vegetation – and calm the unpredictable weather.
62
LEADERSHIP FOR GREENER AGRICULTURE
Global Warming is a threat, but it can be converted into an
opportunity. It is possible to make happen a win-win situation for
all, if all efforts are channeled towards sustainable development
with Greener Agriculture at its centre.
Countries-Governments-all over the world will have to view the
impact of climate with a grave concern. The change which is
creeping in rapidly-with dangerous consequences to habitat and its
stability. This confrontation is on “Nature’s Front”. Nuclear weapons
or armies are no solution. The solution lies in bringing back balance
in nature’s forces : the atmosphere, the sun, the earth, the water
and the vegetation. The solution lies at local level. Our endeavor
should be to overcome this challenge and convert it to an
opportunity.
63
Signing MOU with Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University during
International Conference on 8 – 9 November, 2014
at Ahmedabad – Gujarat – India
64
Outcome
About NCCSD
NCCSD is the outcome of the deliberations that took place during an International
Conference on “Global Warming, Agriculture, Sustainable Development & Public
Leadership” which was organized at the Gujarat Vidyapith – Ahmedabad in March 2010 by
the International School for Public Leadership (ISPL) along with other organizations. In a
Round Table Meet at New Delhi in April, 2010, presided by Prof. M S Swaminathan and
Justice B P Singh, it was felt that a special organization needs to be created to follow up
ideas and it was decided to setup "National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable
Development and Public Leadership” (NCCSD).
NCCSD is promoting Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture with the involvement of
Public Leadership. NCCSD has become leading Environmental NGO under the leadership of
our President Justice B. P. Singh, Formerly Judge, Supreme Court of India. NCCSD is a nonprofit organization. The NCCSD was registered under Bombay Charitable Trust Act 1950
Rule-29-No. E/19344/Ahmedabad as Public Trust on 17th September 2010. Its mission is to
promote sustainable livelihood, climate resilient & sustainable agriculture in arena of global
warming.
NCCSD has signed MOU with Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) for
technology transfer and collaborative. Executive Director of Sustainability Institute Ms.
Abena Ojetayo visited India in November, 2014 and participated in International
Conference on Climate Justice organized by NCCSD.
67
WHAT WE DO?
•
NCCSD is organizing Inter-action Meet and Think-Tank Meet for policy formulation
and sensitization on issues related to farmers with their participation.
•
NCCSD is organizing Interactive and Capacity Building to Farmers with focus on
local level leaders, young farmers and women farmers.
•
It is train to young faculty members and students on Leadership and Climate Smart
Agriculture.
•
NCCSD is conducting action research work for developing communication modules
including guidebook, posters and documentary films for farmers.
•
NCCSD is sensitizing State and Central Government on important policy issues
which concern farmers. It is also taking up similar issues with UNFCCC and UN at
international level
•
NCCSD is publishing books on important issues related to farmers and agriculture.
68
Book on “Climate Smart Agriculture - the way
forward: The Indian perspective”- by DR Kirit N. Shelat
Kindly visit the following links for this book.
http://www.discovery.org.in/climate_change/index.
htm
http://www.discovery.org.in/climate_change.htm
70
Dr. Kirit Shelat
Executive Chairman,
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable
Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD)
Post Box No. 4146, Navrangpura Post Office, Ahmedabad
– 380 009.
Gujarat, INDIA.
Phone: 079-26421580 (Off) 09904404393(M)
Email: info@nccsdindia.org Website: www.nccsdindia.org
Dr. Bharat C Patel
Director,
BP Energy & Environmental Consultants
&
Council Member of
National Council for Climate Change, Sustainable
Development and Public Leadership (NCCSD)
Email: bpatel46@gmail.com , Phone: (609) 721- 3552
71