ROME Explain the positive and Negative aspects of Rome’s Geography

BELL WORK – ROME – 11/3  
Read the following & answer the questions that follow. According to Roman legend a princess named Rhea Sylvia had twin boys by Mars, the god of war. A jealous uncle who had stolen the throne from her father ordered her twins to be drowned in the Tiber River. Fortunately, a servant had pity on the twins and placed them in a basket. Eventually, the basket washed onto the shore and the twins were discovered by a female wolf. The wolf nursed and protected the babies for a short time before they were found by a shepherd. The shepherd then raised the twins. When Romulus and Remus became adults, they decided to found a city on Palatine Hill which was close to where the wolf had discovered them and over looked the Tiber River. The brothers fought over exactly where the city should be built, and as a result, Remus was killed by his brother. Without Remus, Romulus became the sole founder of the new city and named it Rome. The date given for the founding of Rome was 753 BC.
   Do you believe it or not? What par ts of the stor y seem too unlikely to be true ?
Are there any elements of the stor y you might have heard in other stories?
If the legend does not explain how the city of Rome was really founded why do you think Rome was built?

THE MEDITERRANEAN Carthage Rome Greece Persia Egypt

GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY  Unlike Greece Italy is not broken up into small isolated mountain valleys.
 The mountains in Italy are less rugged than the mountains in Greece.
 In the north and south there are fertile plains. These plains supported the growing population.
 Alps in the north provide a natural barrier

WHY IS THE GEOGRAPHY OF ROME IMPORTANT?
Rome, with its central location on the Italian peninsula, was able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean.

HOW DID GEOGRAPHY HELP THE ROMANS?
– Located in the center of the Mediterranean – Far away from eastern empires, but accessible from Europe – Large amount of fertile land – Alps (Mts.): provided natural protection .
– Med Sea: Gave protection, allowed for trade.
Basically, Rome’s place in the world kept it safe from harm, but allowed it to interact with other people.

EARLY PEOPLES: THE LATINS AND THE ETRUSCANS  By 800 B.C. the ancestors of the Romans, the Latins, migrated into Italy.  They settled along the Tiber River in small settlements, which would eventually become Rome.  Northern Italy was inhabited by another group known as the Etruscans.  The Romans learned much from the the Etruscan civilization.

THE ROMANS ESTABLISH A REPUBLIC  In 509 B.C. the Romans kicked out their Etruscan ruler and established the first Roman republic.
 Republic - “that which belongs to the people”, a system of government in which the people choose some officials.  Romans thought that a republic would prevent any individual from gaining too much power.

ROMAN REPUBLIC AND SOCIAL CLASS
 Patricians- members of the upper class who owned land.  Held all of the powerful positions in the Republic.  Consuls: people who supervised government and commanded the armies, only served 1 term  Dictator: If war broke out the senators might choose a ruler who would have complete control of the government, only had control for 6 months  Many served as officials in the senate for life.

BELL WORK 11/4  1. Is the United States really a country with liberty and justice for all? Explain.
 2. Also who are the patricians? What type of people would we consider to be modern day patricians?

ROMAN REPUBLIC AND SOCIAL CLASS
the farmers, merchants, and artisans, who made up the majority of the population.
 At first had little power in making decisions.
 In time they gained more rights such as the    Veto- the ability to block laws Tribunes- plebian officials who would work with the patricians to ensure the rights of plebeians Twelve Tables- Laws were inscribed on giant stones and put up around Rome so everyone knew exactly what the laws were

Video Guide  Let’s say we had 100 people to represent the United States today. How do you think those 100 people would be divided in terms of how much money they had? In other words, how many would be the rich people, how many would be the wealthy or aristocrats? How many would be the middle class? And how many would live in poverty?
    # of upper class people of 100________ # of middle class out of 100_______ # of working class people out of 100_________ # of people living in poverty out of 100_________    We are going to watch a short video about how wealth is distributed or spread out in the United States, you should write a reaction to the video in your notebook.
How close was your estimate to how wealth is actually distributed in the United States? What do you think the consequences of this distribution is on our everyday lives?

68. UNDERSTAND THE RIGHTS AND RELIGIOUS PRACTICES THAT CHARACTERIZED ROMAN SOCIETY.

BELL WORK 11/5  Briefly describe the difference between Plebeians & Patricians, who had more power? What specific rights did the group with less power gain over time ?
 Turn in your homework- the article about millionaires in congress.
 Today discuss other elements of Roman Society

THE ROLE OF WOMEN  Roman women played a larger role in society than Greek women.
 They could own property and run businesses.
 Patrician women were able dine out for dinner, attend the public baths, or attend public entertainment.

ROMANS EDUCATE ALL CHILDREN  Both boys and girls from all classes learned to read and write.
 Many wealthy Romans hired Greek tutors to teach their children.
 Children memorized major events in Roman history and studied rhetoric.

ROMAN RELIGION  The Romans were polytheistic. They adapted Greek religion and borrowed many of the Greek gods and goddesses. (Changing the names)  For example Zeus became Jupiter and Poseidon became Neptune.  The Roman calendar was full of celebrations to honor the gods.  Temples were built throughout Rome to worship the gods.

BELL WORK 11/6  Grab a copy of the primary source at the front of the room entitled the 12 Tables 
Read over the source, what do you notice about some of the laws?

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC GROWS  Over time the Romans expanded their land to include all of Italy.  By about 270 B.C. Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula.

CITIZEN-SOLDIERS MAKE UP THE ARMY  The basic military unit was the legion, made up of about 5,000 men.  Roman citizens made good soldiers because they were brought up to value loyalty, courage, and respect authority.  Rewards- soldiers who showed courage in battle were given gifts and praise.
 Punishments- If a unit fled in battle 1 out of every 10 men in the unit would have been put to death. (DECIMATION)

HOW THE ROMAN ARMY WAS ORGANIZED     The legion was divided into ten groups Each cohort was made up of six centuries The centuries were commanded by a centurion Centuries originally had 100 men

HOW TO BECOME A LEGIONARY!
    You had to be a Roman citizen You had to be physically fit and 5ft 2in tall Most were plebians You were expected to stay in the army for 25 years

WHO ELSE WAS IN THE ARMY?
     Auxiliaries- These were soldiers from lands conquered by the Romans who volunteered to fight for the Romans Many had special skills- like cavalry, archers Most fought with a sword and short spear Thought of as second class soldiers, paid less and not trained as rigorously After 25 years- they became Citizens (and their children)

BELL WORK 11/7  Who was the most important god in the Roman Religion?
 Why did Romans dislike Christianity so much?
 What was the roman army unit which contained 5,000 men called?

THE PUNIC WARS

THE PUNIC WARS • • •  The immediate cause of the First Punic War was  Rome sending an army to Sicily.
As a result of the First Punic War the Carthaginians were  forced to withdraw from Sicily and pay an indemnity to Rome.
The Second Punic War saw Carthage carry a land war  Across the Alps to Rome The result of the Third Punic War was  the complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage

 Reading DESTRUCTION OF CARTHAGE

BELL WORK 11/12  Based on the Reading you should have done for homework, how did the Romans treat the conquered Carthaginians?

ROME CONQUERS THE MEDITERRANEAN  Carthage is destroyed and turned into a province called Africa in 146 B.C.E
 Macedonia, following a revolt was made part of Rome in 148 B.C.E
 Greece was then fully conquered by Rome in 146 B.C.E
 In 133 B.C.E the king of the Coast of Ionia (modern day Turkey) was made part of Rome as well 
How did Rome manage to obtain this empire?
Roman expansion was highly opportunistic, responding to unanticipated military threats and possibilities for glory.

THE IMPACT AT HOME: LATIFUNDIA  A new class of people had arisen due to the riches gained from all of the wars on foreign soil.  These generals, traders and soldiers built lavish mansions on huge farming estates called Latifundias  As Rome took more and more land they forced the captured people into slavery.  By the end of the republic 1/3 rd people in Italy were slaves.
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Why would the creation of large slave run plantations cause widespread urbanization in the Roman Empire ?
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ROMAN IMPERIALISM  After the Punic wars Rome had become an Empire after gaining territory all across the Mediterranean  Imperialism- this is when a country establishes control over foreign lands and peoples.
 While Rome was fighting Carthage, they were also conquering the Hellenistic empires in the east that had divided up Alexander’s Empire  By 44 B.C.E Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt

 In the republic the consuls and dictators had many checks on their power,  In the empire the emperor had few checks on his power, therefore the power of the senate was greatly reduced in the empire.

ATTEMPTS AT REFORM: TIBERIUS & GAIUS GRACCHUS  Two plebian brothers who were looking out for the common man  Both elected as the head of their Tribune   Tried to distribute land to poor farmers Tried to use public funds to buy grain to feed the poor.
 These reforms angered the senate  The brothers and thousands of their followers were killed in waves of street violence set off by senators and their hired thugs.

CIVIL WAR  Due to the social inequality present in Rome, a series of civil wars break out  Generals become the real leaders, their legions are loyal to them, not Rome

VICTORIOUS LEADERS DURING CIVIL WARS 
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 Triumvirate: a government of 3 people with equal power  Each man had a military command

CAESAR & THE DECLINE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC  In 58 B.C Caesar set out to conquer new lands after 10 years he had conquered most of Europe, including France and Belguim  Fearful of Cesar's rising fame, Pompey gets the senate to demand Caesar disband his army and return to Rome.
 Caesar didn’t listen, instead he returned to Rome in BC, with his army and took the city by force.
 Caesar forced the senate to name him dictator which causes him to be the absolute ruler of Rome

CAESAR’S LEADERSHIP AS AN ABSOLUTE RULER Reforms brought to the empire 1.
Granted citizenship to people in provinces 2.
Expanded the senate & added supporters from throughout Italy and other region 3.
4.
5.
Jobs for poor (public buildings) Started colonies for more people to own land Increased pay for soldiers

1.
Nobles feared their own loss of power 2.
Some considered him a tyrant and wanted him dead.
Death of Julius Caesar: March 15, 44 BC 23 important senators led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted to kill him in the senate chamber all stabbed him to death

ROME AFTER THE ASSASSINATION OF JULIUS CAESAR     After Caesar’s death civil war broke out in Rome Second Triumvirate came to rule consisting of  Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son)   Mark Antony (A general) Lepidus (Powerful politician) Eventually Octavian came out on top Octavian took the title of Augustus which means: exalted one or emperor

ASPECTS OF AUGUSTUS’ RULE  Efficient government with strong rule  Stabilized the frontier  Glorified Rome with public buildings  Civil service= paid government workers  Plebeians became civil servants and eventually administered the empire.

 207 years  Time of prosperity  3 million square miles  Populatio n = 60-80 million  1 million lived in the city of Rome

THE DISTRACTION OF ENTERTAINMENT  With all of this corruption going on how could the citizens of Rome just sit by while a small class was incredibly wealthy & most people were dirt poor?

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE  While the Greeks aimed for simple elegance in architecture, the Romans emphasized grandeur. Immense palaces, temples, and stadiums stood as mighty monuments to Roman power and dignity.

 THE COLOSSEUM

BELL WORK 11/17  What was the Pax Romana?
 Why were gladiator shows so important to Rome?
 Objective:  Describe why Christianity was able to spread through the Roman Empire.

AQUEDUCTS

ROMAN ROADS   Constructed throughout the Roman Empire, over 52,000 miles Were effective in helping to move the army from place to place, and trade within the empire.

CHRISTIANITY SPREADS THROUGH THE MEDITERRANEAN  Jesus of Nazareth was born under the rule of Octavian (Caesar Augustus between 27 BCE & 14AD)  Grew up preaching the idea of one true god  Spread a message of peace, love, forgiveness  The people called him the Messiah which means King.
 This worried the Roman and Jewish leaders, Pontius Pilate a Roman governor arrested Jesus.

CHRISTIANITY SPREADS THROUGH THE MEDITERRANEAN  After his crucifixion, Jesus’ followers (apostles) spread his gospels  Spread during the Pax Romana where conditions were safe for travel on the Roman Roads.

THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY & ROME’S RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY  In 63 BC, Rome took over Judea, the home of the Jewish religion.   Judaism was tolerated by the Romans at first.
 First Monotheistic Religion: Only one supreme god However after a rebellion in Judea, many Jews hear of the teachings of Jesus & convert to Christianity, believing that he is the son of God and has come to free them from Roman persecution  Why did the Romans hate Christianity/Judaism?
   Monotheism vs. Polytheism Christians/Jews didn’t recognize the emperors as Gods.
 Blamed for any problems in Roman society.
Emperors such as Nero crucified and tortured Christians and Jews as traitors.

CONSTANTINE & THE EDICT OF MILAN  Persecution of Christians finally ends in 313 AD when emperor Constantine issues the Edict of Milan  Granted freedom of worship to all citizens in the Roman Empire