Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
1
Agenda

Facts about Nexans

Technics

Cabling evolution

Parameters

Cat 6 versus Cat 5

Standardization – What is Deembedding?

Nexans Solutions Class D/E/F, Essential

Installation Issues/Installation practice

FO theory/FO practice

Tendencies in Structured Cabling / FTTW
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
2
Cabling Evolution
Why Universal Cabling ?
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
3
Cabling Evolution
Telephone
Informatics
Unstructured
Structured
Universal Cabling System
Pre-engineered Cabling System
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
4
Cabling Evolution
Telephony
Basic Star Structure:
still applicable today
PABX
Voice Grade Cable:
not installed any more
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
5
Cabling Evolution

Data networking (80 - 90)
 LAN introduction
 New cable media
SAS
10BASE5
FDDI
DAS
Token Ring
HO
ST
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
6
Cabling Evolution

Unstructured

Each system had a different kind of transmission medium (UTP, STP,
coax, twinax, ...)

The Solution installed is not compatible with other Solutions

Costly moves and changes

No overview

Spaghetti cabling
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
7
Cabling Evolution

Universal Cabling

Two media: copper twisted pair and optical fiber

Voice, data, video, control signals

Patching Facilities

Universal (Generic): application independent
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
8
Influence of applications on system performance requirements
I want to
communicate
with you
No problem,
I am conform with
the OSI model
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
9
TCP/IP = OSI-like Model
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
TCP
header
IP
Header
Ethernet
Header
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 3: Network Layer
Data
Data
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 1: physical layer
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Ethernet
Header
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
Data
IP
Header
Data
TCP
header
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
10
Network Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
TCP
header
IP
Header
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 3: Network Layer
Data

The Network Layer 3 addresses the interconnection of
networks by routing packets from one network to
another.
 To route packets across different networks we need a
router
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
IP
Header
Data
TCP
header
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
11
Network Layer
IP address (32 bits)
4 Bytes
129 . 60 . 10 . 70
IP address
Primary function of IP : to provide an reliable,
best effort, connectionless datagram delivery.
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
12
Data Link Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
TCP
header
Layer 3: Network Layer
Data
IP
Header
Ethernet
Header
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Data
Layer 2: Data Link Layer

This layer contains the MAC address (Medium access control) - Bridging or switching
 The data link layer must contain

Length of the frames

a means of addressing

access control to the medium

error detection (and correction)
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Ethernet
Header
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Data
IP
Header
Data
TCP
header
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
13
Influence of applications on system performance requirements
MAC address (48 bits)
3 Bytes
3 Bytes
0 0 AA 00
32 2A 6B
MAC address
Supplier
identification
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
14
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
Layer 1
TCP
header
IP
Header
Ethernet
Header
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Data
Data
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 1: physical layer,
the Cabling System
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 3: Network Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 5-7: Higher OSI Layers
Ethernet
Header
Data
IP
Header
Data
TCP
header
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
15
OSI Model
Layer 1: physical layer,
the Cabling system

This Layer addresses the physical characteristics of the
network

Types of cables used

Types of connectorsLayer
used1: physical layer

Required Performance levels of the links and channels

Max. length of the cables

Defines the representation of bits (zero’s and ones) on the cable


frequency, voltage, encoding techniques
The higher layers give a meaning to these bit values
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
16
OSI Model: From bits to frequencies
Layer 1: physical layer
Ethernet
Technique
10 Mbps
 10 MHz
Manchester Encoding
The Network Interface Cards (NIC) translate the bits into voltage levels (Frequencies).
The encoding technique compresses the bit stream so that high bit rate application
can be transported over lower bandwidth links.
Because of the fact that the transmission speed is depending on the encoding technique,
we do not use the term Mbps to compare cables to each other, but we use MHz
which is the parameter expressing the bandwidth of the cable.
The physical Layer 1 is thus completely determined by
the upper laying layers
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
17
Influence of applications on system performance requirements
Ethernet: The physical layer
IEEE802.3 10BASE-T






Twisted pair
RJ45
100 m
Manchester encoding
3V
Class C link/channel performance required
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
18
Influence of applications on system performance requirements
Gigabit Ethernet: The physical layer
IEEE802.z 1000BASE-T







Twisted pair
RJ45
100 m
PAM 5 encoding
3V
Class D’99 link/channel performance required
Class D’01 preferred
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
19
Standardisation :
Universal Cabling
Class F / Category 7
Class E / Category 6
Class DCategory
/ Category
5 /5Class
(+amendment)
D
(Category
Category 4)
4
Class C / Cat 3
16 MHz
20 MHz
100 MHz
200 MHz
600 MHz
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
20
Agenda

Facts about Nexans

Technics

Cabling evolution

Parameters

Cat 6 versus Cat 5

Standardization – What is Deembedding?

Nexans Solutions Class D/E/F, Essential

Installation Issues/Installation practice

FO theory/FO practice

Tendencies in Structured Cabling / FTTW
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
21
Technical Knowledge

Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?

Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR

ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT

Delay Skew

Return Loss

Coupling Attenuation

Electromagnetic Interference
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
22
Megabits or MegaHertz ?
Which one is faster ?
2000 rpm = ? km/h
2000 rpm =
? km/h
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
23
OSI Model: From bits to frequencies: Encoding
Techniques
100 Mbps x conversion factor = ??? MHz
CODING IS AN APPLICATION DEPENDENT NECESSITY !!!
APPLICATION
Mbps
 Bandwidth
Encoding Technique
Ethernet
10 Mbps
 10 MHz
(Manchester)
Token Ring
4 & 16 Mbps  16 MHz
(Manchester)
Fast Ethernet
100 Mbps
TP-PMD
 62,5 MHz
(NRZI + 4B5B)
 31,25 MHz
(MLT-3 + 4B5B)
 78 MHz
(NRZ)
ATM
155 Mbps
1000BASE-T
1000 Mbps  125 MHz
1000BASE –TX
1000 Mbps
 250 MHz
ATM 1000
1000Mbps
 250 Mhz
(PAM-5)
(PAM-5)
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
24
Cabling Evolution
AN EFFICIENT
CABLING SYSTEM
HAS TO ANTICIPATE
Capability of
Cabling
Infrastructure
Request
of
Bandwidth
Ethernet
10 Mb/s
‘
80
Token
Ring
16 Mb/s
Fast
FDDI Ethernet
100 Mb/s100Mb/s
ATM
155 Mb/s
‘85
‘93 ‘94
Gigabit
Ethernet
1000 Mb/s
‘95
‘98
Digital Signal Encoding
0
1
0
0
1
1
0 1
0
0
Man
NRZ-I
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
26
Influence of Noise
Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR) is more
important with higher levels of coding
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
27
Megabits or MegaHertz ?
We use km/h to express the speed of a car
Use MegaHertz to express transmission speed !!!
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
28
Technical Knowledge

Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?

Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR

ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT

Delay Skew

Return Loss

Coupling Attenuation

Electromagnetic Interference
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
29
Attenuation
Attenuation
(Insertion loss)
I am talkingt
oyou ! Can you he
ar me ?
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
30
Attenuation
Attenuation
The amount of signal loss in the transmission link (expressed in dB)
Signal
Source
Signal
Receiver
dB Loss
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
31
Technical Knowledge

Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?

Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR

ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT

Delay Skew

Return Loss

Coupling Attenuation

Electromagnetic Interference
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
32
Near End Crosstalk

Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)
Eric
Bob
Chris
Dave
= NEXT is a measure of signal coupling
from one pair to another pair.
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
33
Technical Knowledge

Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?

Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR

ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT

Delay Skew

Return Loss

Coupling Attenuation

Electromagnetic Interference
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
34
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

Attenuation to crosstalk ratio (ACR)
ACR (dB)
=
NEXT (worst case) - attenuation (worst case)
70 dB
Minimal LANmark5/ Cat.5e350 link performance
60 dB
ISO/IEC IS 11801 specification
50 dB
40 dB
16 dB
30 dB
Nexans
Cabling
Solutions
20 dB
ISO/IEC
8.7 dB
ACR
10 dB
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Frequency
(MHz)
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
35
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 Mbps
Fast Ethernet
100 Mbps
ATM
155 Mbps
Rule : For high speed applications
ACR of a link should be better than
13 dB at 100 MHz
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
36
Technical Knowledge

Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?

Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR

ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT

Delay Skew

Return Loss

Coupling Attenuation

Electromagnetic Interference
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
37
Technical Knowledge
Focus on phenomena that will occur :

during a simultaneous parallel transmission of data

in both directions

on all four pairs in the cable
Full duplex bi-directional
transmission on 4 pairs
Simplex bi-directional
transmission
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
38
Technical Knowledge
Simplex bi-directional transmission
(over 2 pairs) e.g. Ethernet, Token Ring
 attenuation
 NEXT
 ACR
Full duplex bi-directional transmission
(over 4 pairs) e.g. Gigabit Ethernet:
 PowerSum specs (PSNEXT, PSACR)
 ELFEXT, PSELFEXT
 Delay skew
 Return loss
 Coupling attenuation
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
39
Technical Knowledge
1000 Mbps Full Duplex over 4 pairs ?
250
Mbps on each pair in both directions
1000 Mbps simultaneously in both directions
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
40
Near End Crosstalk

Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)
= NEXT is a measure of signal coupling
from one pair to another pair.
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
41
PowerSum NEXT

PowerSum NEXT
Bob
Alan
Chris
PowerSum
NEXT
Dave
Eric
Andres
Geoff
Franco
= NEXT coupling from 3 adjacent pairs transmitting
simultaneously
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
42
PowerSum NEXT
In Gigabit Ethernet :
PowerSum NEXT will be cancelled out !
Need 4 of these
RX
+
-
TX
Powersum NEXT
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
44
PowerSum ACR

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

ACR = NEXT - attenuation
Attenuation to crosstalk ratio (ACR)
ACR (dB) = NEXT Loss (worst case) - a
(worst case)
70 dB
Minimal Cat.5e350 link performance
60 dB
ISO/IEC IS 11801 specification
50 dB
40 dB
16 dB
30 dB
Alcatel
Cabling
Solutions
20 dB
ISO/IEC
8.7 dB
ACR
10 dB

PowerSum ACR
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Frequency
(MHz)
Cabling Solutions Europe,May 2000 - 43
PSACR = PSNEXT - attenuation
ACR/PSACR is the signal to noise ratio considering NEXT/PSNEXT as the only noise sources.
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
45
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PS ACR
LANmark 6 channel - 2 connectors
70 dB
LANmark 6 channel - 4 connectors
60 dB
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25/WG 3 N568 specification
50 dB
40 dB
0.1 dB
7.4 dB
30 dB
11.5 dB
20 dB
10 dB
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Frequency
(MHz)
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
46
The 4 Connector Channel Model

Defined in the ISO and TIA standards

Worst Case configuration

Allows patching between patch panels

High flexibility for modern office environments (zone wiring)

Nexans offers 4x RJ45 connections

Nexans’ Class E channel outperformes the standards
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
47
4 connector channel ACR
ACR
120
100
80
ACR [dB]
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Frequency [MHz]
N1-2D1
N1-2D2
N1-3D1
N1-3D3
N1-4D1
N1-4D4
N2-3D3
N2-4D2
N2-4D4
N3-4D3
N3-4D4
ACR Grenzkurve
N2-3D2
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
48
Technical Knowledge

Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?

Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR

ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT

Delay Skew

Return Loss

Coupling Attenuation

Electromagnetic Interference
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
49
Far End Crosstalk

Far End Crosstalk (FEXT)
Eric
Dave
FEXT
Andres
Geoff
= is signal coupling from one pair to another pair,
measured at the far end
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
50
PowerSum FEXT

PowerSum FEXT
Alan
Chris
Bob
PowerSum
FEXT
Dave
Eric
Andres
Geoff
Franco
= FEXT coupling from 3 adjacent pairs transmitting
simultaneously
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
51
PowerSum ELFEXT

PowerSum ELFEXT
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
53
PowerSum ELFEXT

Equal Level FEXT
ELFEXT = FEXT - attenuation

PowerSum ELFEXT
PS ELFEXT = PSFEXT - attenuation
= similar to ACR/PSACR, which is the signal to noise ratio considering
NEXT/PSNEXT as the only noise, while ELFEXT/PSELFEXT expresses
the signal to noise ratio considering FEXT/PSFEXT only.
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
54
Technical Knowledge

Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?

Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR

ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT

Delay Skew

Return Loss

Coupling Attenuation

Electromagnetic Interference
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
55
Delay Skew

Delay Skew
I am talking
to you
I am to you
talking
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
56
Delay Skew

Delay Skew
= is the difference in travel time on the 4 pairs
(expressed in nsec)
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
57
Delay Skew
1000 Mbit
Message
=
A
B
C
D
250 Mbps
250 Mbps
250 Mbps
Delay Skew too high!
250 Mbps
B
D
A
C
????
=
????
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
58
Delay Skew
Delay Skew : example

< 50 nsec
Channel with a delay Skew of more than 50 nsec cannot
successfully support Gigabit Ethernet
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
59
Technical Knowledge

Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?

Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR

ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT

Delay Skew

Return Loss

Coupling Attenuation

Electromagnetic Interference
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
60
Return loss

Return Loss
= Return Loss (or Transmit Echo) is expressing the
reflection of a signal on the same wire pair
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
61
Return loss
 Return Loss

A measure of the strength of reflected signal
echoes

Caused by impedance mismatches along a cable
run

Signal echo is an additional noise source
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
62
Return loss
In Gigabit Ethernet :
Return Loss will be cancelled out !
RX
+
-
TX
Return Loss
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
63
Technical Knowledge

Megabits or MegaHertz ? ? ?

Attenuation

Near-End Crosstalk

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

PowerSum Next, PowerSum ACR

ELFEXT, PowerSum ELFEXT

Delay Skew

Return Loss

Coupling Attenuation

Electromagnetic Interference
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
64
Technical Knowledge

Noise sources
Ambient noise
Return Loss
Powersum NEXT
Delay Skew
Powersum ELFEXT
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
65
Ambient Noise

Ambient noise

Background noise such as noise generated
by power lines, telephone voltages, airco’s
or engines, …

Due to its random nature, ambient noise
can not be cancelled out in the NIC and it
will contribute to the BER of a system
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
66
Coupling Attenuation

Coupling attenuation

New parameter studied in European Standardisation (CENELEC)

Included in last edition of ISO 11801 and EN 50173

Nexans is one of the pioneers in the work on coupling attenuation

Measures the electromagnetic isolation between a disturbing
source (ambient noise) and the cabling  expresses the overall
EMC performance of cabling
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
67
EMI
Sources of Electromagnetic Interference












Engines
Elevators
GSM / Walkie Talkies
230 V cabling
high voltage cables
Air conditioners
TL lighting (HF)
Heating sources/ Micro waves/ radars
Refrigerators
Photocopiers
Pencil sharpeners
Light Dimmers
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
68
Coupling Attenuation
Protection against ambient noise
determined by
Balance
Screening
Now specified by parameter COUPLING ATTENUATION
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
69
Influence of Noise
Signal/Noise Ratio (SNR) is more
important with higher levels of coding
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
70
EMI
Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI)
uncontrollable influence from the outside
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
71
EMI
Solution
: Close the window, use a screen !!!
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
72
EMI
1)
How does a radio pick up signals ?
antenna
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
73
EMI
2)
Why is a mobile phone not allowed in hospitals,
airplanes and in gasoline stations ?
radiation
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
74
EMI
3)
Why is the housing of a desktop in metal ?
Faraday
cage
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
75
EMI
IMMUNITY OF TWISTED PAIR AT LOW FREQUENCIES
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
76
EMI
IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT LOW FREQUENCIES
Bending
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
77
EMI
IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT HIGH FREQUENCIES
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
78
EMI
IMMUNITY OF INSTALLED TWISTED PAIR AT HIGH FREQUENCIES
Bending
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
79
EMI
Single foil FTP
cables
EMI
40 m
Nexans’
EMI
dual foil cables
2 x 25 m
10 dB x better EMC performance !
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
80
 OVERALL SHIELD MADE OF TWO FOILS
 HIGHER EMC PERFORMANCES
!
!
better Coupling Attenuation,
better shield effectiveness
Dual
Foil
2x 25 µm
!
 GAIN ON INSTALLATION
No risk to cut the foil off when stripping
Only one foil to connect
More flexible foils easier to manipulate
Quick and reliable installation
40 µm
FTP
!
 EFFECTIVE SOLUTION
Easy connection of one overall foil provides EMC
performances comparable to S-FTP.
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
81
EMI
EFFICIENCY OF THE FOIL
Current flow
in the foil
“Skin effect”
Internally
induced
currents
Externally
induced
currents
Thickness
of the foil
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
82
EMI
SCREENED CABLING TECHNOLOGY

Nexans is the inventor and first developer of FTP, combining advantages
of UTP and STP

Nexans Cabling Solutions is the world leader in screened cabling
solutions

Full range of screened cables and connectivity, offering a full EMC
cabling system

Grounding and Earthing considered during design
Nexans Cabling Solutions,
Jan 2004
83