The Changing Yangtze
Adam Nichols & Iain Palôt
GA Study tour 2007
University of Surrey 29th March 2008
A sense of scale
Origin
Tanggula Mts. ,
Qinghai / Tibet border
Mouth
East China Sea
Length
6,300 km (3,915 miles)
Source elevation 5,042 m (16,542 ft)
Basin area
1,800,000 km² (695,000 miles²)
Avg. Discharge
34,000 m³/s (1,200,000 ft³/s)
The Yangtze Basin
• Less than 1/5 of the nation’s territory
• Feeds 1/3 of the nation’s population
• 1/3 of the nation’s GDP.
• 37% of China’s “freshwater” resources
• 48% of China’s HEP potential
• 53% of the country’s navigable waterway: the “Golden
Waterway” connecting East, Central, and West China.
Average annual precipitation
• Mean annual precipitation ranges from 23mm in the
Northwest to 4000mm in the South.
Yangtze basin land use
Sectio
n
From
To
% of
lengt
h
Upper
Source (Mt. Yichang 71%
Galadandon
g in the
Tanggula
range)
Area
(mil
Km2)
Local Name
Tributaries
1.0
Dam Qu
Tuotuo
Tongtian
Jinsha jiang
(Golden
Sand River)
Yalong River
Minjiang River
Tuojiang River
Jialing River
Wujiang
Middle Yichang
Hukou
15%
0.68
Chang Jiang
Qingjiang River,
Hanjiang River,
etc. and large
lakes (Poyang
Lake, Dongting
Lake)
Lower
Estuary
896
14%
0.12
Yangtze
River
Huangpu River
Hukou
Tuotuo truck stop
The Chang Jiang’s “furnace cities”
•Chongqing
•Yichang
•Wuhan
•Nanjing
•Shanghai
Furnace 1: Chongqing
• The largest urban industrial city in the south
western part of China
• A major focus of Western Development Policy
investment
• “The megalopolis you’ve never heard of”
• “
The Changjiang River
Chongqing Municipality
Chongqing’s population grows by “one Luxembourg”
annually: approx 500,000
The confluence of
the Chang Jiang
(left) and the Jialing
(right) at Chongqing
Chongqing’s first
McDonald’s 2000
2008: there are 8
(Beijing has c100)
Changing Chongqing
Chongqing’s 3G museum
2000 and 2007
Changing Chongqing 1:
Heavy industry/ engineering contributed
>65% of the city’s GDP in 2006
(The“Chicago of China”)
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Transport Equipment
35.1
Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous Metals
7.0
Electric & Hot Power Production & Supply 6.8
Raw Chemicals and Chemical Products
5.9
Smelting /Pressing of Non-Ferrous Metals 5.5
Electric Equipment and Machinery
4.9
Nonmetal Mineral Products
4.1
Ordinary Equipment
4.1
State Owned Enterprises
• Massive historical dependence on SOEs, especially
military (PLA owned / run) in Chongqing
• By 2006, 80% of its SOEs had ‘restructured’ to adapt to
new market conditions (or close)
• ‘Restructuring’ = running the enterprises on a profit / loss
commercial basis and hence, more market orientated. It
does not equate with ‘privatisation’. Most enterprises
remain in state ownership and governance, even if listed
on the stock exchange.
• So many people are dependent on SOEs that profits
from one enterprise can be used to support loss-makers.
Joint ventures:
egs. in Chongqing
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Ford / Mazda
Nokia (7 factories)
Iveco / Fiat
JL French aluminium diecastings
BP acetic acid plant
Cathay Pacific Pigment Hldgs (HK) –
pesticides + chemicals
Hong Kong is the greatest source of inward
investment
Chongqing’s automotive driver
In 2006 alone:
car manufacturing grew by 76.5 %
motorcycle output increased by 33.7 %
Productivity in Chinese Metropolitan regions:
Population and GDP in Chinese Metropolitan Regions
500
Shanghai
450
400
350
GDP (billion CNY)
Guangzhou
300
Beijing
R² = 0.531
250
200
150
Wuhan
Chengdu
Chinese MRs
Average
100
Chongqing
50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Population
(million)
Even if Shanghai was excluded
from consideration
as an exceptional case,
Chongqing still would look below what could be expected
Source : OECD with data from Chreod, Ltd. China Metropolitan Region Database
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A Chongqing “bang bang
man” in the “bamboo army”
•Rural registration
•Rudimentary education
•One of 100,000+ pole-carriers
•Married. Shares 3 bedroom
flat with 3 other couples
•Former farmer. 2 children left
with relatives
•5.30am start at veg. market
•£1.50 for 12 hours work
•Loads are often heavier than
himself
•Saves enough to clothe and
pay for children’s schooling in
his village.
11th 5 Year development plan 2006 – 10
priorities:
• infrastructure construction (ctd.)
• innovation to make municipal and local
enterprises more competitive
• To improve the balance of urban and rural
development
• To develop an environmentally friendly and
energy efficient municipality
• More “opening up”
Changing Chongqing 2
• Chongqing High-Tech Industrial Development Zone started
1991. By 2007, c13,500 enterprises employed c 200,000
• $8 billion of government investment in Xiyong Micro-electronic
Park ; 30 km2
• 17 universities and 1000 research institutes (2006)
Growing urban-rural income gaps: need for improvements
in rural development and urban-rural linkages
Average rural and urban income in Chongqing Municipality
(RMB)
14,000
12,000
11,570
10,240
10,000
9,221
8,094
8,000
6,000
5,303
5,443
5,828
6,176
6,572
7,238
4,000
2,000
1,692
1,801
1,836
1,892
1,971
2,098
2,215
2,510
2,809
2,874
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
urban residents
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
rural residents
Source: Chongqing Statistic Yearbook (2006)
41
diaagonally
As the water rises, what’s gone?
• A public park there is ''not so much
a park as a lull in the city. There are
stunned bushes and exhausted
Peter Hessler,
flowers and brokenhearted patches
of grass. But all of it is well cared
River Town
for …The problem is the air, the
Two Years on
coal dust that blankets the city. . . .
the Yangtse
Few things are more pathetic than
a tree in Fuling, its leaves gray and
Pub. John Murray, 2001
dull as if it were just taken out of the
attic.'‘
Fengdu in 2000
Fengdu “ghost city”
Former site of Fengdu in 2007
New Fengdu
In February 2005, Huang Faxiang,
director of the land resources
administration of Fengdu county, was
sentenced to death for skimming off
$1.8 million in land sales revenues.
More than a dozen other Fengdu
officials have been convicted of lesser
charges.
Lesser 3G rainwear
The Three Gorges
• The satellite image of
Three Gorges Dam
May, 2006
July,2000
Chexi Folk Museum
our guide remembered using this sort of technology
Cultural Revolution
All singing and dancing
package for the tourist
and yet it remains
generally an unspoken
subject in China!
Spice Girls?
Commune Buildings with quotes
and instructions
Terraces at Nan Wan
resettlement village for farmers from Zigui, near the dam
Crops grown
Sesame
Oranges &
Corn
Aubergines
Peanuts
Technology
Biogas production
Corn
niblets
Old style briquette stove
Ready for the Games!
A farmer outside his new
house, fitted with the
doorway brought from his
old home.
China’s one child policy ?
Every child matters!!!!
And after a weary day’s fieldwork,
what better way to unwind than
with a communal foot massage.
These are not smut-houses but as
socially acceptable for relaxation
as a drink and chat in a pub. Our
Yichang hosts from the CPAFFC
are in the background.
The Wuhan Furnace
• A city of 4m /7m in 3 parts: Wuchan, Hankow & Hanyang
• Divided by Yangtze and its biggest tributary, the Han shui,
• Hottest average temperature: 37.2C July
Wuhan flood records
La Chine francaise!
Dongfeng Citroen, Wuhan
Planned launches April 07 - 09
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Beijing-Benz: Chrysler Sebring = 2007
Beijing-Hyundai: Chinese developed car = 2009
Beiqi Futian (Beijing): passenger vehicle = 2009
BYD (Shenzhen): mini = 2008
BYD (Shenzhen): F3 station wagon = 2008
BYD (Shenzhen): F8 coupe = 2008
Chang’an (Chongqing): CV 8 2.0-lt = 2008
Chang’an (Chongqing): CV 10 = 2009
Chang’an-Ford (Chongqing): Ford New Fiesta = 2008
Chang’an-Mazda (Nanjing): Mazda 2 = 2007
Chang’an-Suzuki (Chongqing); Escudo = 2008
Changcheng (Baoding): 2.0lt passenger vehicle = 2009
Changcheng (Baoding): GWPeri = 2007
Changcheng (Baoding): Peri 4x4 = 2008
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Jili (Ningbo): LG-2 MPV = 2009
Jili (Ningbo): CG-1 = 2008
Jiili (Ningbo): FG-2 = 2009
Jili (Ningbo): GH-1 = 2009
Jili (Ningbo): LC-1 = 2008
Jili (Ningbo): LG-3 = 2008
Jili (Ningbo): CD-1= 2008
Jili (Ningbo): LK-1 = 2008
Jili (Ningbo): KingKong II = 2008
Jili (Ningbo): Vision II = 2008
Jili (Ningbo): Beauty Leopard II = 2008
Jinhua Youngman (Jinan) saloon = 2009
Lifan (Chongqing): Mini = 2009
Lifan (Chongqing): 2-litre sedan = 2009
Lifan (Chongqing); MPV = 2009
Nanjing-Fiat: Linea = 2008
Nanjing-Fiat: Palio II = 2008
Nanqi Soyat (Wuxi): sedan = 2007
Nanqi MG (Nanjing): MG 5 = 2008
Qirui (Chery) (Wuhu) S16 QQ5 = 2007
Qirui (Chery) (Wuhu) S23 QQ SUV = 2009
Qirui (Chery) (Wuhu) S24 QQ Coupe = 2009
Infrastructure, well bridges and boats really!
July 2007
2002
Jan 2008
Chaotianmen Bridge
which spans the Yangtze
River in Chongqing, is
double-decked, and has
six car lanes running along
the uppermost level.
Bridge at
Zhongxian
This is what a new one over the
Little Three Gorges will look like
Bridges at
Wanxian
Work underway
The need has been to speed up transport and cross the
river
Ro-ro
downstream
Collier upstream
Waste paper being unloaded
Ship locks at the
3GD
Ro-ro unloading
New road to……
Deepwater port
Maglev goes very fast!
Phone lines
in Shanghai
Newspapers are us
Changing Wuhan
The reasons for prosperity in village
was having the resources and the location to allow development
Coal
Main street
Pylon parts
Manhandling freshly galvanised parts
New Rural Reconstruction Project Village at Xingguang
near Wuhan
Final planned layout
Second phase underway but marked lack
of ANY western style building technology
Flooding June / July 2007
• El Nino caused severe typhoons which penetrated as far as
the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, resulting in accelerated snowmelt.
• 70% of the basin’s annual rainfall falls in the 4 summer
months anyway. The Typhoons brought extra intensity to
the rainfall (300mm in 24 hours in some parts)
• Meteorological and hydrological conditions similar to those
for the 1998 floods.
• 250,000+ homes affected
• Rats evacuated their lakeside
dwellings and moved onto
adjacent farmland, devouring
crops.
• Rats were caught in their
millions and sent in
refrigerated containers down
to Guandong province (near
Hong Kong) for the restaurant
trade: Rat soup.
• It is reported to taste very
similar to chicken.
• It was not on any of our
menus, so we cannot vouch
for that.
Flood management in the middle and
lower Yangtze
Storage & retardation basins:
40
Area:
11,866 km2
Cultivated land:
5,490 km2
Population:
5,686,000
Capacity:
63,700,000,000 m3
Reservoirs (Excl. 3G) 117
Capacity:
104,000,000,000 m3
Levees:
45,000 km
Return period pre-3G: 20 yrs
Return period post-3G 100 yrs
Wuhan January 2008
Landslide as a result of road building and summer rainfall
Accelerating erosion
Average Sediment Load (m.tons)
River
1956-1979
1980-2000
Chang Jiang
623,760
678,000
Jialing Jiang
220,720
356,000
Han Jiang
79,920
148,000
Water quality
• Water pollution has worsened over the last ten years
• 1998 <20% of water quality along the Yangtze and
tributaries was untreatable + undrinkable.
• 2005: 27.5% of water quality along the Yangtze and
tributaries was untreatable + undrinkable.
• 2006: 30 billion tons of polluted water was dumped in the
river; 50 percent more than in 1998.
• Fertilizer runoff +
• industrial runoff +
• untreated sewage +
• high temperatures=
• algal bloom
Water quality
Government principles:
• Water saving before water transfer
• Pollution control before water delivery
• Environmental protection before water
consumption
Baiji or Yangtze River Dolphin declared extinct,
last seen in the wild 2004
The Nanjing Furnace
Nanjing
• “Southern Capital” Ancient capital of six dynasties
• Nanjing Chang Jiang Bridge, the first bridge to cross Chang
Jiang to be built entirely by the Chinese in 1968. (but
engineered by Russians before relations “broke down” in the
1960s as Chinese communism ploughed its own furrow)
Nanjing Changjiang Bridge
Nanjing
The newest Furnace city
Shanghai
• The gateway to the Yangzte, straddling the Huangpu
tributary just south of the Changjiang river’s mouth
• China’s largest metropolis
• “The mouth of the dragon”, whereas Chongqing……
The Bund and Huangpu River
On
Shanghai’s
Maglev
The Bund
Developing
Pudong
Re-developing Pudong
Familiar?
Welcome to
Thames Town
Not a
vicar in
sight
Greening Shanghai
Environmental awareness & improvement
Pudong 2005 & 2007
China’s wealthiest city
Shanghai Municipality 2006
• Ave. urban per capita income: 22,808RMB
• (Chongqing: 12,548RMB)
• Ave rural income:
9,817 RMB
• (Chongqing: 3,814 RMB)
And yet there is still poverty…..
2010: The “Business Olympics”
Expo 2010
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