Chapter 6
SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
• Supports body structure and
provides shape to the body
• Protects internal organs
• Allows movement and anchorage of
muscles
• Provides mineral storage
• Allows hemopoiesis
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STRUCTURE AND
FORMATION OF BONE
• Bones consist of microscopic cells
called osteocytes
• Ossification is the process where
mineral matter starts to replace
cartilage, creating bone
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STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE
• Diaphysis is the long, hollow
cylinder of hard, compact bone
• At each end of the diaphysis is an
epiphysis
• The medullary canal in the center,
is filled with marrow, and is
surrounded by compact or hard
bones
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STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE
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STRUTURE OF LONG BONE
• The endosteum is the lining of the
marrow canal that keeps the cavity
intact
• Periosteum, a tough, fibrous tissue
containing blood vessels, lymph
nodes and nerves covers the
outside
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GROWTH
• Bones grow in length and ossify
from the center toward the
extremities
• Osteoblasts are bone cells that
deposit new bone
• Osteoclasts are bone cells that
secrete enzymes to dissolve bone
structure
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BONE TYPES
• Four types of bones are:
– Long bones - upper and lower arms and
legs
– Flat bones - skull and ribs
– Irregular bones - spinal column
– Short bones - wrists and ankles
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PARTS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Axial Skeleton consists of:
– Skull
– Spinal column
– Ribs
– Sternum (breast bone)
– Hyoid bone
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PARTS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Appendicular Skeleton
– Shoulder Girdle
– Arm
– Hand
– Pelvic Girdle
– Upper Leg
– Lower Leg
– Ankle
– Foot
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PARTS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
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JOINTS AND RELATED
STRUCTURES
• Diarthroses (movable) joints
– Ball-and-socket joints
– Hinge joints
– Pivot joints
– Gliding joints
• Amphiarthroses (partially movable)
joints
• Synarthroses (immovable) joints
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JOINTS AND RELATED
STRUCTURES
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TYPES OF MOTION
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Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation
Pronation
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DISORDERS OF THE
BONES AND JOINTS
• Fracture
– Greenstick
– Closed/simple
– Open/compound
– Comminuted
• Dislocation
• Sprain
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DISORDERS OF THE
BONES AND JOINTS
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DISEASES OF THE BONES
• Arthritis:
– Rheumatoid, Osteoarthritis
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Gout
Rickets
Slipped (herniated) disk
Whiplash injury
Abnormal curvatures of the spine
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OTHER MEDICALLY
RELATED DISORDERS
• Osteoporosis
• Osteomyelitis
• Osteosarcoma
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