Moving West
In the Mediterranean World
Etruscan Heritage
and the
Rise of the Roman Republic
Etruscan Heritage and the Rise of Rome
I. Trade and the Rise of the
Western Mediterranean
World
II. The Etruscans
– Geography
– Government
– Society and Culture
III. Roman Society
– Legends
– Family, Society, Religion
– Government
 Development and
Structure
Terms to be familiar with:
•Etruria, Latium
•Pietas, manus, paterfamilias,
materfamilias, patrimonial,
imperium, ancestor cult
•Patrician, plebeian, nobiles,
clientage
•manumission, latifundia, &
coloni.
•Senate, Centuriate Assembly,
Roman constitution, Consuls,
Censors, Dictators, Struggle of
the Orders, Twelve Tables
Trade and the Mediterranean World
6th Century BC
Trade
Trade in
Minerals: silver, copper & tin
Pottery
Perfumes
Spices
Wine
Oil and Olives
Wheat
Amphorae to transport wine
Map of Ancient
Italy
To Etruria
The Importance of Trade
Its Impact on Culture and Society
Etrurian Government and
Society
Etruscans
The Importance
Of Death
Barrows of Necropolis at Caere
Etruscan tomb interiors
Fresco from an Etruscan Tomb
The
Funeral
Banquet
Women in Etruscan Society
More Freedom than Greek Society
• Not segregated from public
• Evidence of matrilinealism
Sculpture of Etruscan Woman
Italy
Places to be familiar
With:
Etruria
Apennine Mountains
Arno River
Tiber River
Latium
Rome
Sicily
Carthage
Rise of Rome
The Early Romans
– Legends
– Family and Society
– Government
•Important terms:
•Pietas, manus,
paterfamilias,
materfamilias, patrimonial,
imperium, ancestor cult
•Patrician, plebeian,
nobiles, clientage
•Manumission, latifundia,
& coloni.
The Legend of Rome
Romulus and Remus
Aeneas flees the sack of Troy
carrying his father Anchises on his back
Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii (1784)
Rise of Republic
Mid 8th century BC- 509 BC: Rome Ruled by
Monarchy
 509 BC
– Raids of Celts on Italy lead to expulsion of
kings and founding of Roman Republic.
– Rome distances itself from Etruria
 392 BC- Fall of Etruria to Rome

Family and Society in Rome

Social Organization
– Tribe
– Clan
– Family
Paterfamilias: Father held absolute power
imperium, patria potestas and manus
 Materfamilias: Mother’s influence in household


Naming conventions
– For males
– For females
Rome as a Patrilineal Society
Naming your son:
Name of Individual:
Gaius, Gnaeus
Marcus, Lucius,
Titus, Publius,
Marcus
Your Son’s Name:
Name of the Clan:
Julius
Licinius
Cornelius
Name of the Family:
Caesar
Crassus
Scipio
Gaius Julius Caesar
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Publius Cornelius Scipio
Naming your daughter:
Name of Clan: Julius
Name of daughter: Julia
Second daughter: Julia secunda
Family and Society in Rome
Social Hierarchy


Patricians: Landowning Elite
Plebeians: Commoner
– Not necessarily poor
Nobiles: By 3rd Cent. BC, elite
of Patrician & Plebian
 Slaves: At least 1/3 of pop.

– Household vs.Agricultural Work
latifundia: “broad fields”
 manumission: from manus
 Coloni: Tenant Farmers

– Serflike- tied to the land
(bonded)
Sculpted tomb of a family of
ex-slaves
[Note man holding tablets,
pigeon, wife’s hairstyle. All
indicate that family was both
literate and stylish.]
Ancestor Cult
Role of Pietas:
“I sought to equal the deeds of
my father”
Role of Ancestor Cult, Wax
Masks, Marble Busts, and
Funeral Rituals
Virtues of Tradition and Respect
Dimensions of Family and Virtue
Marcus Porcius Cato (b. 234 BC) and his wife
Family Politics and Marriage
Women move from protection of fathers to protection of
husbands (per manus)
Usually with wealth came independence
Fathers can act as agents to protect assets/dowry
Example: Tullia (daughter of Marcus Tullius Cicero)
Betrothed at 12, married at 16, widowed at 22
Example: Cornelia (aristocratic woman)
Widowed/ intellectual/ bore 12 children
3 children lived (2 boys and 1 girl)
Sons: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus