CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
AND KINGDOM MONERA
Bacteria
How do scientists classify
living organisms?
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE & KINGDOM MONERA
Objectives:
 SWBAT classify living organisms.
 SWBAT describe the characteristics of organisms in
Kingdom Monera.
 SWBAT define a prokaryotic cell and describe its anatomy.
 SWBAT describe the major bacteria cell shapes.
 SWBAT describe why bacteria can be beneficial, providing
examples.
 SWBAT summarize why bacteria can good and how we can
inhibit the growth of bad bacteria.
 SWBAT describe the lab techniques used to observe
bacteria.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
Binomial Nomenclature
 Linnaeus’s method of naming organisms,
called binomial nomenclature, gives each
species a scientific name with two parts.
 The first part is the genus name, and the
second part is the specific epithet, or
specific name, that identifies the species.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
 Biologists use
scientific names
for species
because common
names vary in
their use.
Ursus americanus
American black bear
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
 When writing a scientific name, scientists use these
rules:
 The first letter of the genus name always is
capitalized, but the rest of the genus name and all
letters of the specific epithet are lowercase.
 If a scientific name is written in a printed book or
magazine, it should be italicized.
 When a scientific name is written by hand, both parts
of the name should be underlined.
 After the scientific name has been written completely,
the genus name will be abbreviated to the first letter in
later appearances (e.g., C. cardinalis).
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
Taxonomic Categories
 The taxonomic categories
used by scientists are
part of a nestedhierarchal system.
 Each category is
contained within
another, and they
are arranged from broadest to most specific.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
Species and Genus
 A named group of organisms is called a taxa.
 A genus (plural, genera) is a group of species
that are closely related and share a common
ancestor.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
Family
 A family is the next higher taxon,
consisting of similar, related genera.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
Higher Taxa
 An order contains related families.
 A class contains related orders.
 A phylum or division contains related classes.
 The taxon of related phyla or divisions is a
kingdom.
 The domain is the broadest of all the taxa and
contains one or more kingdoms.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
Phylogenetic Reconstruction
 Cladistics reconstructs phylogenies based on
shared characters.
 Scientists consider two main types of characters
when doing cladistic analysis.
 An ancestral character is found within the entire
line of descent of a group of organisms.
 Derived characters are present in members of one
group of the line but not in the common ancestor.
CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE
Cladograms
 The greater the
number of derived
characters shared by
groups, the more
recently the groups
share a common
ancestor.
FIVE KINGDOMS OF LIFE
 Kingdom Animalia
 Kingdom Plantae
 Kingdom Fungi
 Kingdom Protista
 Kingdom Monera
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM MONERA
Prokaryotic Cells: No nucleus or other
double membrane bound organelles.
 Prokaryotic Cell Parts:
 Cytoplasm: jelly-like fluid that other
organelles are contained in
 DNA: a nucleic acid that contains
genetic information to control the cell
and make proteins.
 Ribosomes: organelle used to make
proteins
 Cell Membrane: semi-permeable
membrane that controls what enters
and exits the cell.
1.
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM MONERA
2. Cell wall present
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM MONERA
3.
Asexual Reproduction: one
parent cell divides into two
identical cells.
 Most bacteria reproduce
through binary fission.
 Conjugation: DNA
recombination. Not actually
reproduction but does create
diversity
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM MONERA
Binary Fission:
 DNA doubles
 Cell Grows
 Cell splits into two
identical cells
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM MONERA
 Conjugation: the
transfer of genetic
material between
bacterial cells.
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM MONERA
Producers and Consumers
 Producers (Autotrophs): cyanobacteria
4.
 Consumers (Heterotrophs)
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM MONERA
 Producers (Autotrophs): contain the pigment chlorophyll and are
capable of photosynthesis. They make their own sugars using
Carbon Dioxide from the air and water from their environment.
Oxygen gas is released as a waste product during this chemical
reaction.
 Chemosynthesizers: some bacteria who cannot access the sun (like at
hydrothermal vents in the ocean) use chemicals instead of sunlight to
produce their own energy.
Cyanobacteria
Specimen: Anabaena spp.
Authority: Bory
Collected by: Phycology Lab Staff
Identified by: Shannon Kresge
Date Collected: January 26th 2009
Location: Science D Culture Room
Habitat: Freshwater
Condition: Vegetative with
Heterocysts
= 20μm
Specimen: Anabaena spp.
Authority: Bory
Collected by: Frank Shaughnessy
Identified by: Shannon Kresge
Date Collected: April 7th 2009
Location: Science D Culture Room
Habitat: Freshwater
Condition: Vegetative with
Heterocysts
= 20μm
Two different species of Anabaena
Specimen: Oscillatoria spp.
Authority: Vaucher ex Gomont
Collected by: Phycology Lab Staff
Identified by: Shannon Kresge
Date Collected: January 26th, 2009
Location: Science D Culture Room
Habitat: Freshwater, Filamentous
Condition: Vegetative
Cyanobacteria
= 5.5μm
CYANOBACTERIA
Specimen: Spirulina
Authority: Turpin ex Gomont
Collected by: Emily Greenspan
Identified by: Emily Greenspan
Date Collected: April 29th 2008
Location: Science D Culture Room
Habitat: Freshwater, Filamentous
Condition: Vegetative
= 2.8μm
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM MONERA
 Consumers (Heterotrophs): can not make their own food. They
must consume other bacteria. Decomposers and parasites
 Myxococcus xanthus is a gram-negative rod-shaped species
of bacteria. It exists as a predatory, saprophytic singlespecies biofilm called a swarm. Consumes other bacteria.
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOM MONERA
Many Monerans have symbiotic relationships.
 This example is cyanobacteria that have a symbiotic relationship
with a sea slug.
 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help plants
 Bacteria in human gut
 Bacteria on skin
5.
BACTERIAL CELL SHAPES
BACTERIAL CELL SHAPES: COCCI (ROUND)
BACTERIAL CELL SHAPES: BACILLI (ROD)
BACTERIAL SPORES
What is a spore? A spore is a
resting stage. A spore has a
thickened capsule and contains
some cytoplasm and DNA.
Can remain dormant until
conditions are favorable.
BENEFICIAL BACTERIA OF KINGDOM MONERA
1.
Decomposers: help recycle carbon and important nutrients.
2.
Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria: they change nitrogen to a form plants
can use. Consumers obtain nitrogen by eating plants.
Food Production: bacteria are used to make yogurt and many
cheeses.
4. Symbiotic Relationships: bacteria in our gut help break down
foods and produce important vitamins we need.
3.
5.
Medications: some bacteria are used to make important lifesaving medication such as insulin.
NITROGEN CYCLE
N2 in atmosphere
Assimilation
NO3–
Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria
Decomposers
Ammonification
NH3
Nitrogen-fixing
soil bacteria
Nitrification
NH4+
NO2–
Nitrifying
bacteria
Denitrifying
bacteria
Nitrifying
bacteria
CARBON CYCLE
CO2 in atmosphere
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Cellular
respiration
Burning of
fossil fuels Phytoand wood plankton
Higher-level
consumers
Primary
consumers
Carbon compounds
in water
Detritus
Decomposition
HARMFUL BACTERIA OF KINGDOM MONERA
1.
Pathogens: bacteria that produce disease. Strep throat,
pneumonia, tetanus, Lyme disease and whooping cough are
caused by pathogens.
Toxin-Producing Bacteria: Toxins are poisons that can make
humans and other animals ill.
3. Parasites: some bacteria are parasitic and may harm the host.
2.
CONTROL OF HARMFUL BACTERIA
1.
Sterilization: Since bacteria species live in narrow ranges of
temperature, limiting the temperature can slow their growth or
even kill them
 Freezing: will slow growth but not kill bacteria
 Pasteurization: heating to 50 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes will kill most
bacteria.
 Boiling: heating to 100 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes will kill most bacteria
but not spores.
 Autoclaving (Pressure Cooking): heating to 121 degrees Celsius under
pressure for 20 minutes will kill most bacteria and their spores.
CONTROL OF HARMFUL BACTERIA
2.
Dehydration: will slow the growth or kill bacteria. Doesn’t kill
spores.
CONTROL OF HARMFUL BACTERIA
3.
pH CHanges: will slow the growth or kill bacteria. Doesn’t kill
spores.
 Pickling: drops the pH so bacterial growth slows
 Fermenting: naturally drops the pH (sour cream, yogurt)
 Salting/Sugaring: Creates a strong osmotic gradient, pulling water out
of the cells, causing cell death. This method is used where
refrigeration is not possible)
CONTROL OF HARMFUL BACTERIA
3.
Chemical Application: will slow growth or kill bacteria.
 Disinfectants: Lysol, bleach, soap and other chemicals effectively kill
unwanted bacteria on surfaces, clothes, and your hands.
 Antiseptics: Disinfectants that are used to treat people to prevent
bacterial growth. Ex. Rubbing alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and Neosporin
 Antibiotics: medication synthesized by one organism to kill another
organism. Ex. Medication to kill streptococcus, the bacteria that causes
strep throat.
CONTROL OF HARMFUL BACTERIA
ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT FOR BACTERIA
Antibiotics: (Against-Life)
inside of the body
Kill bacteria
•Grow bacteria on a nutrient agar plate
•Place antibiotic discs on plate
•Measure area where bacteria are killed
(did not grow) This is the Zone of
Inhibition
•The Zone of Inhibition which is the
largest shows which antibiotic will be the
most effective against the infection
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: WHY
DO ANTIBIOTICS STOP WORKING?
Resistant bacteria can take
longer to kill – if not all
killed with anti-biotic they
survive and reproduce a
whole population of
resistant bacteria
LAB TECHNIQUES USED TO OBSERVE BACTERIA
1.
Bacteria Collection and Growth. (this will be our wild plates)
2.
Make a streak plate using sterile technique. Four volunteers
will help me do this. (this will be our pure culture plates)
Heat Fix. This step allows to put individual cells on a slide so
we can attempt to view individuals cells from the colony.
4. Gram Stain: This step allows scientists to see cell shape, cell
grouping, presence of spores and cell wall structure.
3.
5.
Oil Immersion: Oil is used with the 100x lens of the
microscope so we can see bacteria better.
LAB TECHNIQUES USED TO OBSERVE BACTERIA
 STERILE TECHNIQUE: refers to a series of procedures that keep unwanted
fungi and bacteria out of your plates and keeps the organism that you are working
with in your plate.
 1. Unless sterilized, everything is considered contaminated.
 2. All surfaces must be washed with antiseptic before and after working with bacteria.
 3. All equipment used with bacteria must be sterilized before and after use.
 4. Keep all bacterial cultures closed and covered.
 5. No food or drink may be consumed in a room where bacteria are being worked
with.
 6. Personal items must not be mixed with bacteriological lab equipment or be put
onto lab surfaces unless the surfaces have been cleaned with antiseptic.
 7. Hands must always be washed with germicidal soap after working with bacteria.
LAB TECHNIQUES USED TO OBSERVE BACTERIA
 Making a Streak Plate Using Sterile Technique
 1. Flame the wire loop.
 2. After it is cool, touch the wire loop to one bacterial source.
 3. Open the plate with your non-dominant hand and hold the lid covering the dish.
DO NOT SET THE LID DOWN!
 4. Streak a small area of the plate.
 5. Flame the wire loop.
 6. After it is cool, pull the wire loop through the streaked area and streak another
area of the plate.
 7. Repeat Steps 5 and 6 one more time until the surface of the agar is fully streaked.
 8. Close the plate.
 9. Flame the wire loop.
GRAM STAINING OF EUBACTERIA
Allows bacteria to be seen with a microscope and classified
Gram negative = pink
Gram positive = purple
LAB TECHNIQUES USED TO OBSERVE BACTERIA
 FOCUSING USING THE OIL IMMERSION LENS
 WASH YOUR HANDS AFTER USING THE IMMERSION OIL.
 1. Place the bacterial slide on the stage and follow the focusing procedure for the 10X
objective.
 2. Scan the slide for a “thin area,” where individual bacterial cells can be seen.
 3. Center the thin area in the field of view and focus.
 4. Move the 10X and 40X lens out of the way of the slide and place a drop of
immersion oil on the slide where the field of view is.
 5. Place the 100X lens in to place, and looking from the side, check to make sure there
is a column of oil between the 100X lens and the slide.
 6. Adjust the focus and the light so that you can see the bacterial cells clearly.
 7. When you are through using the oil immersion lens, use clean lens paper to clean
the eyepiece first, and then the oil immersion lens.
 8. Leave the immersion oil on the slide if the slide will be needed again.