Models/Theories review
• Best advice:
Review for this quiz in ‘full screen
mode’ (F5) so you can look at
models without seeing answers.
Continue filling out your chart with
info on the Geographers and their
models/theories
Most important Geographers
Be able to match the person to their theory/model
Be able to recognize/classify the theory/model
• Esther Boserup
• Population and
economic growth
theory
Not the worry wart regarding population
• H. Carey
The Gravity Model
for Migration
Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, and Steel
(1937-)
(1997); geographic
luck(environmental
determinism)
• Gimbutas
•
•
Kurgan hypothesis
In 1956 Gimbutas introduced
her Kurgan hypothesis, which
combined archaeological study of
the distinctive Kurgan burial
mounds with linguistics to unravel
some problems in the study of
theProto-Indo-European (PIE)
speaking peoples, whom she
dubbed the "Kurgans"; namely, to
account for their origin and to
trace their migrations into Europe.
• Koppen
• Climate classifications
• Thomas Malthus
• Theory of
overpopulation
• Omran
•
epidemiological transition is a
phase of development witnessed
by a sudden and stark increase in
population growth rates brought
about by medical innovation in
disease or sickness therapy and
treatment, followed by a releveling of population growth from
subsequent declines in fertility
rates
• FRIEDRICH RATZEL
• ORGANIC THEORY
OF STATE GROWTH
• + ENVIRONMENTAL
DETERMINISM Natural surroundings
A RAT is ORGANIC/alive
rule human action
RATs live in the environment
• Ernst Ravenstein
RAVENS fly/ MIGRATE
• Gravity model of
migration + Laws of
Migration
• Collin Renfrew
CoLLin/Language…..
• Language diffusion by
agricultural means
• Walter Rostow
•
Stages of
economic
growth/development
•
Be able to
name the
stages
w/country
examples
RostOW = economic grOWth
• Carl Sauer
•
•
Possiblism/Landscape Theory states that the
cultural landscape is shaped by humans and
various cultural aspects of their culture.
Examples- Humans have altered the physical
environment in many ways including the
architecture humans build, the toponyms placed on
certain locations, burial practices, and sacred sites
that are established.
• Possibilism
• Humans can alter
their environment
Hoover Dam – changing the landscape
• Warren Thompson
• Demographic Transition
•
Holds that slowing population growth is
attributable to
– improved economic production
–
•
and higher standards of living brought
about by changes in medicine,
education and sanitation.
Overcrowding is a reflection of
the Carrying Capacity and
not the numbers per unit area.
(Carrying Capacity is the # of
people an area can support on a
sustained basis given the
prevailing technology.)
• Immanuel Wallerstein
Wallerstein = World
• World Systems
Theory / CorePeriphery model
Alfred Wegener
Continental drift (1915): hypothesized that
the continents were slowly drifting around
the Earth. His hypothesis was not accepted
until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries
provided conclusive evidence (plate
tectonics).
• Wilber Zelinsky
Zipf
gravity model of migration
The gravity model takes into
account the population size
of two places and their
distance. Since larger places
attract people, ideas, and
commodities more than
smaller places and places
closer together have a
greater attraction, the
gravity model incorporates
these two features.
The relative strength of a bond
between two places is
determined by multiplying the
population of city A by the
population of city B and then
dividing the product by the
distance between the two cities
squared.
Singer & Prebisch
Dependency Theory 1949
•
Is a critique of Rostow’s Modernization
model;
•
It takes a structuralist view (stating
that regional disparities are the
result of historically derived power
relations within the global
economic and political system,
and therefore cannot be changed
easily).
•
The export-driven economies of developing countries
(trading mostly raw materials and commodities that have
declined in value as compared with manufactured
goods) limit the development possibilities of poorer
areas; this dependency helps sustain the prosperity of
richer regions, even after decolonization had occurred
(neocolonialism).
Marx
Socialism eco theory
• Marx contended
that capitalism
promotes class
struggle and an
unequal distribution
of wealth (and
food); socialism
promotes the equal
distribution of
power and wealth
(and food).
Stouffer
Law of intervening opps
• The number of persons • (The squirrel factor)
going a given distance
is directly proportional
to the number of
opportunities at that
distance and inversely
proportional to the
number of intervening
opportunities”
Neo colonialism
Core periphery/World Systems
Most important Models/Theories
Be able to match the person to their theory/model
Be able to recognize/classify the theory/model
• Anatolian Hearth
theory
• Correlation b/t source
areas of 3 agricultural
centers and 3 major
languages
Turkey/agriculture/food/language
• Core-Periphery model
• World systems
• Places/regions can’t
develop equally,
somebody has to be
poor!
• Demographic
Transition Model
• Birth and mortality
rates are tied to
stages of
development
• Demographic Transition
•
Holds that slowing population growth is
attributable to
– improved economic production
–
•
and higher standards of living brought
about by changes in medicine,
education and sanitation.
Overcrowding is a reflection of
the Carrying Capacity and
not the numbers per unit area.
(Carrying Capacity is the # of
people an area can support on a
sustained basis given the
prevailing technology.)
• Dependency Theory
Tied to Neo-colonialism
• Poor country’s
economy is tied to a
rich country, usually
it’s former colonizer
• Gravity model of
migration
• Relationship b/t
volume of migration
and distance from
source & destination
‘Black Hole’ city
is inverse
• Migration Theory
• Push-Pull Forces
impact choices
• FORCED
• VOLUNTARY
• IMPELLED
• CHAIN
• World Systems
Theory
• Development is
applicable across
scales – local to
regional to global
Zipf’s Gravity model of migration
The gravity model
takes into account
the population size of
two places and their
distance. Since larger
places attract people,
ideas, and
commodities more
than smaller places
and places closer
together have a
greater attraction,
the gravity model
incorporates these
two features.
The relative strength of a bond
between two places is
determined by multiplying the
Dependency Theory 1949
•
Is a critique of Rostow’s Modernization
model;
•
It takes a structuralist view (stating
that regional disparities are the
result of historically derived power
relations within the global
economic and political system,
and therefore cannot be changed
easily).
•
The export-driven economies of developing countries
(trading mostly raw materials and commodities that have
declined in value as compared with manufactured
goods) limit the development possibilities of poorer
areas; this dependency helps sustain the prosperity of
richer regions, even after decolonization had occurred
(neocolonialism).
Socialism eco theory
• Marx contended that
capitalism promotes
class struggle and an
unequal distribution
of wealth (and food);
socialism promotes
the equal distribution
of power and wealth
(and food).
Law of intervening opps
•
The number of persons going a
given distance is directly
proportional to the number of
opportunities at that distance and
inversely proportional to the number
of intervening opportunities”
• (The squirrel factor)
Neo colonialism
Core periphery
Connecting Agri/Ind/Medical
revs to urbanization
• Good review sites >
https://sites.google.com/
site/geographymajorthe
ories/
Models/Theories > http
://teacherweb.ftl.pinecre
st.edu/snyderd/mwh/ap/
apgeographers.htm
• Prezi for Models and
Theories > http://prezi.com/qui
gwfyvfnoy/ap-humangeography-models-andtheories/
Prezi #2
> http://prezi.com/wkppdgvqnt
1d/ap-human-geographymodels/
Flash cards for
models/theories > http://quizl
et.com/2260847/ap-humangeography-models-theoriesflash-cards/