Hearsay Rule
Lecture 6, 2014
LEE v R (1998) 195 CLR 594 per GLEESON CJ, GUMMOW,
KIRBY, HAYNE AND CALLINAN JJ at [32]
The common law of evidence has long focused upon the quality of the
evidence that is given at trial and has required that the evidence that is
given at trial is given orally, not least so that it might be subject to crossexamination. That is why the exclusionary rules of the common law have
been concerned with the quality of the evidence tendered - by prohibiting
hearsay, by permitting the giving of opinions about matters requiring
expertise by experts only, by the "best evidence rule" and so on. And the
concern of the common law is not limited to the quality of evidence, it is a
concern about the manner of trial. One very important reason why the
common law set its face against hearsay evidence was because otherwise
the party against whom the evidence was led could not cross-examine the
maker of the statement. Confrontation and the opportunity for crossexamination is of central significance to the common law adversarial
system of trial.
Confrontation
• Test the factual base and credibility of a
witness
• Common law preference for oral hearings –
need for hearsay rule
• Person’s absence from a trial is permitted by
statute – hearsay exceptions can apply
What is hearsay evidence?
Representations made out of court (either oral
or written or in the form of conduct) that are
admitted as evidence in court to prove the truth
of the fact that the maker of the representation
intended to assert by the representation.
What is wrong with hearsay evidence?
•
•
•
•
•
Not on oath
No xx
Not the best evidence
Danger of inaccuracy
Risk of fabrication
Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor
[1956] 1 WLR 965
•
•
•
•
Common law case to illustrate the rule
What evidence was excluded at S’s trial?
Who made the previous representation?
Did the Privy Council find that the evidence
was hearsay?
• What TJ direction was required in relation to
the evidence?
Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor
• The evidence is hearsay and inadmissible
when the object of evidence is to establish the
truth of what is contained in the statement.
• The evidence is not hearsay and it is
admissible when it is proposed to establish by
evidence, not the truth of the statement but
the fact that it was made.
The hearsay rule – s 59
(1) Evidence of a previous representation
made by a person is not admissible to prove
the existence of a fact that it can reasonably
be supposed that the person intended to
assert by the representation.
What are the important terms in this section?
How do you know when it applies to exclude
evidence?
59 continued
(2) Such a fact is in this Part referred
to as an asserted fact.
(2A) For the purposes of determining under
subsection (1) whether it can reasonably be
supposed that the person intended to assert a
particular fact by the representation, the court
may have regard to the circumstances in
which the representation was made.
Evidence of a previous representation made
by a person is not admissible to prove the
existence of a fact that it can reasonably be
supposed that the person intended to assert
by the representation.
Dictionary to EA
• "previous representation" means a
representation made otherwise than in the
course of giving evidence in the proceeding in
which evidence of the representation is sought
to be adduced.
• What happens if section 59 applies?
Hearsay exceptions
Previous rep
admitted to prove
intended assertion
of the maker.
Section 59 applies.
Exception
Admissions
(see dictionary)
First hand
Exceptions
ss 63,64, 65, 66, 66A
Remote
Exceptions
ss 69 - 75
• 81 Hearsay and opinion rules: exception for admissions and
related representations
(1) The hearsay rule and the opinion rule do not apply to
evidence of an admission.
(2) The hearsay rule and the opinion rule do not apply to
evidence of a previous representation:
(a) that was made in relation to an admission at the time the
admission was made, or shortly before or after that time, and
(b) to which it is reasonably necessary to refer in order to
understand the admission.
Dictionary to EA
"admission" means a previous representation
that is: (a) made by a person who is or
becomes a party to a proceeding (including a
defendant in a criminal proceeding), and (b)
adverse to the person’s interest in the
outcome of the proceeding.
Section 60
(1) The hearsay rule does not apply to evidence of a previous representation that
is admitted because it is relevant for a purpose other than proof of an asserted
fact.
(2) This section applies whether or not the person who made the representation
had personal knowledge of the asserted fact (within the meaning of section 62
Note: Subsection (2) was inserted as a response to the decision of the High Court
of Australia in Lee v The Queen(1998) 195 CLR 594 .
(3) However, this section does not apply in a criminal proceeding to evidence of
an admission. The admission might still be admissible under section 81 as an
exception to the hearsay rule if it is “first-hand” hearsay: see section 82.
Effect of section 60
• If a previous representation is admitted for
non hearsay purpose then it can be used for a
hearsay purpose.
• Subject to discretion to limit (s 136).
When is a previous representation admitted for
non hearsay purpose?
Evidence admitted
for a
non hearsay
purpose.
Prove fact that a
previous
representation
was made
(Subramaniam)
Credibility purpose
Adam
(2001) 207 CLR 96
Basis of
expert report
Lawson [2000]
NSWCCA 214
R v Lawson [2000] NSWCCA 214
• The complainant’s previous representations
were admitted to prove the basis of the
expert’s opinion.
• This means they were admitted for a nonhearsay purpose and now could be used for a
hearsay purpose because of s 60.
• Also applies to expert reports
• Quick v Stoland
• Accountant & auditor summarized financial records not in
evidence – the purpose of reference in report was to show
the factual basis for his expert opinion.
• Jango v NT
• Representations in anthropologist’s report in native title
claim – effect of s60 limited by s 136
Lee v the Queen
(1998) 195 CLR 594
What was in Calin’s police statement?
• i) an account of what Calin had done
• ii) an account of what Calin had seen,
• iii) an account of a conversation
“Leave me alone, cause I’m running
because I fired
two shots…I did a job and
the other guy was with me
bailed out”.
Assume Calin is not an unfavourable witness
1. If Calin testifies about what Lee said (ie the
previous representation contained in his
statement to police about ‘firing two shots
and just doing a job’), who has made the
previous representation?
2. What is the purpose of Calin giving evidence
of Lee’s previous representation? In other
words, what is that person intending to
assert in the previous representation?
3. Would Lee’s previous representation be
excluded by the hearsay rule?
4. Is there an exception to the hearsay rule that
would apply?
Consider the trial of Lee – Calin as an
unfavourable witness
1. Who made the previous representations in
Calin’s statement to police?
What Calin saw?
2.
How did the High Court deal with Calin’s
previous representation of what Lee did (ie
“walking fast” and “sweating”)?
Who made the previous representation?
How was this previous representation
admitted?
What use could be made of the previous
representation? [26]
What Calin heard?
3.
How did the High Court deal with Calin’s previous
representation of what Lee said (ie “Leave me alone,
cause I’m running because I fired two shots…I did a job
and the other guy was with me bailed out”)?
Who made the previous representation?
What did the Calin intend to assert?
What did Lee intend to assert?
How was this previous representation admitted?
What use could be made of the previous representation?
[22], [27], [29]
4. What should the trial judge have done in the
trial of Lee? [41]
Lee shows that to use a prior statement for its
hearsay use:
• It is important to identify the asserted fact in
the previous representation and whether the
previous representation is being admitted to
prove that asserted fact.
• Calin’s statement to police could not be used
to prove Lee’s confession. The only asserted
fact in Calin’s previous representation was an
assertion by Calin that Lee said something.
Approach to section 59
1.
2.
3.
Identify the previous representation.
What is the intended asserted fact in the
representation?
Is the previous representation being
tendered to prove the asserted fact in the
previous representation? – if yes, then
section 59 excludes the evidence (see if an
exception applies)
Amendments to s 60
• (2) This section applies whether or not the person
who made the representation had personal
knowledge of the asserted fact (within the
meaning of section 62 (2)).
• (3) However, this section does not apply in a
criminal proceeding to evidence of an admission.
The admission might still be admissible under
section 81 as an exception to the hearsay rule if it
is “first-hand” hearsay: see section 82.
• What would happen if the facts of Lee were
applied to amended EA?
Intended assertion
An example, from the facts in
Walton v The Queen (1989) 166 CLR 283
Walton v The Queen (1989) HC
• 1. Who made the previous representation?
• 2. What is the asserted fact in the
representation? - greeting
• 3. Is the previous representation being
tendered to prove the asserted fact, or
something else? - the unintended assertion.
• The child did not intend to assert the fact that
the other person on the phone was his father.
• The child was greeting the father.
• The child’s statement is an unintended
assertion and would not be excluded by s 59
because s 59 only applies to INTENDED
assertions.
Kamleh v The Queen
• K convicted of 2 counts of murder
• Zappia convicted 2 counts of manslaughter
• Evidence of Mr S re conversations with Zappia
on 3/4/00
• Statements made by Zappia to the police on
6/4
• Evidence of Mr S of statements by Z to prove
intention (on 24/3)