Geography
Chapter 13-Population
•Figure 13-1 : To Making a graph
•Pg.316-324
•World Population Growth
•-3 times greater in the 20th century
•-6 billion in 1999
•-7 billion by 2020-watch pop. Video clip
Definitions
Demography-statistical study of human populations
emigration-leaving a country to live elsewhere—Emigrate from Poland to Canada
immigration-coming into a country to live—Immigrate to Canada from Greece
migration-moving from one area to another (within a country-aka internal migration)
census- done every 10 years in Canada and a general one every 5 years. (pg.318)
Demographics of Canada, Data of FAO, year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in
thousands.
•developed countries-a country with a
highly developed economy, with a strong
service sector and often an industrial base.
high standards of living with high levels of
literacy, health services, and food supplies
•developing countries- a country with an
economy that depends more on primary
industries, and citizens have a lower
standard of living than those in developed
countries.-watch clip
•Crude birth (or death) rate= (number of births(or
deaths)/population) * 1000
•Rule of 70- how long is doubling time for a
population?
•Equation=70/percent growth rate
•Population Growth Rate=(net migration rate) +
(birth rate – death rate)
•Canada’s immigration includes economic migrants,
refugees escaping persecution.
•The result of immigration to countries like Canada
and the US is a multicultural population
•Life before 1700’s Hobbes describes it as « poor, nasty, brutish, and short »
•Life expectancy was 30 years
•Why? Disease, poor medical care, poor nutrition, unsanitary living conditions
•After 1750 death rates declined
•Why? Increases in food production (agricultural revolution), hygiene, and medical
knowledge.
•Eventually there was a decreases in the birth rates in the more developed
countries
•Why? People began to move into cities (children were not as needed to work in
fields), increase in the standard of living, and economic development
Demographic Transition Model :
changes over a period of time in
three elements : birth rates, death
rates, and trends in overall
population numbers.
Stage 1 : High birth rates and high
fluctuating death rates result in
small population growth.
Why? Plagues, diseases, and poor
nutrition keep mortality high. (many
countries in Africa today)
Stage 2 : Birth rates are still high,
so there is a rapid increase in
population numbers.
Why? Improved health care,
sanitation, and increased food
supplies lead to a rapid fall in death
rates.
(Kenya)
Stage 3 : Population growth begins
to decline. Birth rates begin to fall.
Why? Industrialization,
urbanization, and improved living
standards lead to less desire for
large families. (China)


Stage 4 : The transition is
complete to a low growth rate
with low birth rates and death
rates. The birth rate may
fluctuate in special
circumstances, such as the
post-war « baby boom ».
(Canada)
Stage 5 : Birth rates drop
below death rates. This is
happening in some European
coutnries and in Japan. It is
not known if this trend will
extend to other regions.
Why? You tell me…
(Austria)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dK3mL3
5nkk&feature=related-watch clip
Defintion: Please Include!
Fertility Rate: Number of children a
woman can have over her lifetime
Problems
Very High Birth Rates
-insufficient medical services- high
infant mortality
-insufficient government funds for
education of a large, young
population.
Very Low Birth Rates
-a shortage of workers and
entrepreneurs for the future, unless
countries accept high levels of
immigration.
-fewer young people to care for
aging parents, resulting in
expensive care facilities
Canada Now
-has a low death rate and a falling
birth rate
Stage 4 right now in the
demographic transition model.
Age structure of Canadian population, 2001
Males
Females
Age
Group
Number
Per
cent
Number
Per
cent
0-4
868,075
2.9%
828,210
2.8%
5-9
1,011,460
3.4%
964,675
3.2%
10-14
1,051,450
3.5%
1,001,665
3.3%
15-19
1,052,145
3.5%
1,001,180
3.3%
20-24
982,280
3.3%
973,530
3.2%
25-29
935,510
3.1%
962,685
3.2%
30-34
1,041,255
3.5%
1,065,490
3.6%
35-39
1,245,000
4.1%
1,277,855
4.3%
40-44
1,271,725
4.2%
1,307,040
4.4%
45-49
1,151,155
3.8%
1,182,380
3.9%
50-54
1,033,365
3.4%
1,052,395
3.5%
55-59
789,205
2.6%
805,030
2.7%
The Age Structure of Populations
60-64
621,570
2.1%
652,215
2.2%
65-69
543,825
1.8%
589,800
2.0%
70-74
461,785
1.5%
547,430
1.8%
Age structure : composition of the
population of a country based on the age
groups of the population.
75-79
338,820
1.1%
474,850
1.6%
80-84
192,645
0.6%
323,490
1.1%
85+
125,580
0.4%
290,325
1.0%
14,716,850
49.0%
15,300,245
51.0%
Totals
Demographers divide in three : 1) children
up to the age of fifteen 2) working adults
from ages sixteen to sixty-four 3) adults
sixty-five and older.
Dependency ratio : proportion of the population that is being supported by the working age1+3 being
supported by 2
Dependency ratio = ((% under 15) + (% over 65)) / (% 15 to 64) x 100
Canada=121%
Canada=312% therefore dependency load is 33%
Bangladesh=147%
Bangladesh=36% therefore dependency load is 53%
Age structure provides us with insights into problems that could arise in the future resulting from a
predominantly old or young population.
Population Pyramids
•Population Pyramid : a graph that shows
the age and sex structure of a population.
•A series of horizontal bar graphs for the
male and female populations are placed back
to back at age intervals of five years, called
cohortsstructure of a population.
•Countries with high birth rates have many
children and an expanding population. A
stable population will have birth rates and
death rates in balance, and a contracting
population will have below higher death
rates than birth rates.
In general
expanding pyramids=developing nations
Stable pyramids=developed countries
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
http://www.ined.fr/jeux.php?_movie=/flash/d03/EN/D03We
bSon.swf&titre=Population%20pyramid&lg=en
http://www.ngflcymru.org.uk/vtc/demographic_trans/eng/Introduction/Plen
ary.htm
http://www.ined.fr/jeux.php?_movie=chargement.swf ?_movie
=simulateur.swf&lg=en&titre=Population%20simulator&lg=e
n&jeu=ok
Early
expanding
Expanding
Stable
Watch population pyramid video
Contracting
Can you match these population pyramids to the demographic transition model?
Take a few minutes with a partner and look at the DTM and match it with population pyramid
For each stage!
http://www.geographyalltheway.com/igcse_geography
/population_settlement/population/igcse_popn_s
tructure_revision.htm
Canada’s population : The Past
and the Future
•Why is an aging population
considered a problem?
•Increase in medical and social
servicesgovernment will need to
spend money
•What is a population pyramid? What
is its purpose?
•Statisticspopulation divided into
gender and ages of people in area
•Balance between males/females
•Dependency ratio
•Stages of demographic transition
•Rate of population growth
•What are the effects of migration?
•Increase in immigrantsIncrease in
workers & entrepreneurs
•Increase in immigrantsPayments
of social and medical services due to
taxes
•What if there was no immigration?
•Population decreases
•Aging population increases
pg.331
Mountains and cold desert prevent
western China from supporting many
people.
1980-the government imposed the onechild policy to combat a 900 million
people population and a 1.57 percent
annual growth rate
Results of the Policy
Positive :
birth rate cut in half rapidly.
worked well in urban areas where people
recognized it allowed them luxuries.
two children permitted if the first born was
a daughter or was disabled.
Negative :
sons are valued as labourers and ‘old age
security’ so forced abortion and infanticide
can occur if the first-born is a girl
especially in rural areas
‘Little Emperor Syndome’
-single-child families have evolved where
child feels no obligation to family or
society.
The policy is often ignored in rural areas
China’s population pyramid
http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/image
s/anim/ch_all2.gif--click on bottom image during ppt
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html
Watch China Video
Where do Six Billion People Live?
Why are there more people in some areas of the
world than in other parts?
Population distribution : the way people are
spaced over the earth’s surface.
Ecumene : The populated area of the world
Population density : number of people in given
area of land. (KMSQUAGE)
World Population Distribution – Dependent on the GEOGRAPHY!
The most densely populated areas are north of the equator : Europe, Asia
Relationship to Landforms :
Lowland areas- are the most heavily populated (coastlines and river valleys in, for example India, China, and
Egypt)
Highland areas- sparsely populated, rugged and cold, exception being in Switzerland, Japan, Java and
Philippines.
Relationships to Climate : very low populations in extremely cold and dry regions, some exceptions being Israel
(irrigations) and Kuwait (oil wealth).
Population distribution : the pattern of
where people live in an area.
•How is population distribution measured?
•Crude densitiesshows how much one
area can accommodate in terms of
population
Population density=population/area
•Not accurate
•Example Canadamost of population lives
in a small area; not a lot of population live in
large areas—population concentrated in
cities.
Nutritional densities : how much nutrition
(in calories) can be produced from the land
•Area with good soil, adequate temperature,
and rain for plants to grow have a higher
nutritional density
•In the developing world, nutritional density
is low
•Can the population of the world be fed?
What was Malthus’ Idea? – go to page four
of your Geography package if you can’t
remember
Countries with poor nutrition
http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/quizengine
http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/activities/population.html