CROSS CULTURE
UNDERSTANDING
 Lecturer
 DR. I Gede Budasi, M.Ed.
 S1 Degree in Applied Linguistics (FKG UNUD,1983)
 Post Graduate Diploma in Applied Linguistics (RELCSingapore, 1990)
 Master in Applied Linguistics (Univ. of South Australia,
1994)
 Doctor in Historical Comparative Linguistics (UGM
2007)
Countries Visited through
International Seminars on CCU
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Singapore, 1989
Malaysia 1990
Australia 1994
India, 1997
Newzealand, 1997
Swiss, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2012
Denmark, 2009
Russia, 2012
Future Plan for Other International
Seminars on CCU
 Camboja 2013
 Mexico 2013
 Canada and America 2013
CCU SPECIFIC GOALS
 To encourage an appreciation of cultural diversity and the
process of intercultural communication
 To provide a context for reading and vocabulary
development
 To stimulate discussions about culture based on the
readings and conversational activities
 To become a better, more tolerant person
 To become more skilled intercultural communication
What in culture?
 All accepted and patterned ways of behavior of a given
people. It is a body of common understanding. It is the
sum total and the organization or arrangement of the
group’s ways of thinking, feeling, and acting
 In this sense, of course, every people has a culture and
no individual can live without culture. It is our culture
that enables us to get through the day because we and
the other people we encounter attach somewhat the
same meaning to the same things (Man and Culture,
Ina C Brown).
Cont.
 Culture is that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, moral.
law, custom, and other capabilities
acquired by member of a society ( E.B.
Taylor in Kerry, 1994)
 The some total of ways of living built up
by a group of human beings, which is
transmitted from one generation to
generation to another (The Macquarie
Encyclopedic Dictionary)
Reasons why you might be interested in developing
intercultural communication skills
..
 For the sake of improved understanding
and harmony.
 For the sake of doing business with one
another and living together successfuly
 For an enjoyble and self-enriching goal.
Are you motivated by all three?
What is the way forward?
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Increase contact
Goodwill
Tolerance
Look for knowledge, awareness and skill
needed to improve intercultural
communication.
We all have rituals?
 Other cultures have customs and rituals.
We don’t.
 Other people may follow customs and
rituals. I don’t.
 I can do exactly what I want. My actions
are independent of my culture.
 Quite a lot of my behaviour is retiualized.
It follows a pattern prescribed by my
cultural group.
Cont.
 I don’t have total freedom of choice in my
behaviour.
 My actions are rule-governed
 Accept that you are a member of a
culture which regulates your behaviour
What should be realized?
 Underneath, people are fundamentally the
same
 Underneath, people of the world can be
profoundly different
 Cultures are so different that we will never be
able to communicate successfully.
 People have always succeeded and they will
continue to succeed in intercultural
communication.
 Accept cultural difference as reality
Cultures are very different
from one another
 Which do you believe?
“Underneath, we are all fundamentally
similar”
or
“We are fundamentally different”
Your answer for this question is
probably largely determined by your
culture
Are there universals of
behaviour?
 Clearly there are universal categories of
behaviour. There are five ‘panhuman
cultural categories’, each with number of
sub categories
Categories of Behavior (Kerry, 1994)
Individual
Behaviour
Social
Behaviour
Social Control
and
Education
Technology
Collective
Beliefs
1. Bodily
1. Dancing
1. Marriage
1. Calendars
2. Adornment
3. Personal Names
2. Gift Giving
2. Law
2. Cooking
3. Hospitality
3. Property Rights
3. Toolmaking
2. Religious
4. Games
4. Sexual
4. Trade
5. Joking
Restriction
5. Status
Differentiation
6. Inheritance
Rules
5. Numerals
6. Obstetrics
Ritual
3. Propitiation of
Supernatural
Beings
7. Medicine
4. Magic
4. Gestures
5. Hair Styles
6. Mourning
6. Visiting
7. Kinship
Naming
7. Education
8. Government
9. Modesty
concerning
natural
functions
1. Dream
Interpretation
5. Religious
Ritual
Consider the following:
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Great each other
React to a compliment
Apologise
Watch TV
Regard sexual behaviour
Dismiss employees
Interview applicant
Assess their status in society
Stand when talking to the boss
Define friendship
Make small talk
Some other Concept about
culture for you to consider
 Cultures are not fixed: change over time
 Culture are not Uniform: very internally
 No culture is an Island
Intercultural Communication Model
(Alo, 2003)
Accommodative
Communication
Strategy
Adaptive
Effective
C
Culture
Culture
Personality
A
Communication
B
Personality
Perception to Others
Perception to Others
 Uncertainty
 Anxiousness
CCU TOPICS OF DISCUSSION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Introductions
Verbal Patterns
Nonverbal Communication
Personal Relationships
Family Values
Educational Attitudes
Work Values
Time and Space Patterns
Cultural Conflict
Cultural Adjustment
INTRODUCTIONS
 Varieties of Introductions
 Use of Titles in Introductions
 Eye Contact and Handshaking in
Introductions
 Small Talk after Introductions
 Cultural Variations in Introductions
VERBAL PATTERNS
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Rulers and Styles of Speaking
Directness in American English
Invitations
Speaking and Refraining from Speaking
Different Ways of Expressing Common
Needs
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
 Cultural Differences in Nonverbal
Communication
 Gestures
 Facial Expressions
 Eye Contact
 Space
PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
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Circles of Friends
Mobility and Friendship
Instant Friendships
Male – Female Relationships
Intercultural Friendships
FAMILY VALUES
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Child Raising
Young Adulthood
The Elderly
The Nuclear and the Extended Family
Familial Roles
Stability and Change in the Family
EDUCATIONAL ATTITUDES
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Diversity in Education
Active Participation
The Teacher – Student Relationship
Independent Learning
The Honor System
Competition
WORK VALUES
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The “Work Ethic”
The “American Dream”
Rewards and Job Satisfaction
Workaholics
Leisure and Socializing
TIME AND SPACE PATTERNS
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Time
Promptness
Division of Time
Future Time
Architectural Differences
Privacy and the Use of Space
CULTURAL CONFLICT
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Communication and Culture
Misinterpretations
Ethnocentrism
Stereotypes and Prejudice
CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT
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Culture Shock
The Adjustment Process
The Re-entry Process
Individual Reactions
References
 Alo L. 2003. Dasar-Dasar Komunikasi
Antarbudaya. Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
 Deena R Levina & Mara B Adelman.
Intercultural Communication for English as a
Second Language: Beyond Language. New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall,Inc., Englewood Cliffs
 Kerry O’Sullivan 1994. Understanding Ways:
Communicating Between Cultures. Sydney:
Hale & Iremonger Pty Limited.