Industrial Revolution
Economic Development
(the process by which material
conditions of a country’s people are
improved. Occurs through the diffusion
of knowledge and technology.)
Industrial Revolution
• The development of the secondary sector
of the economy.
• Improves the standard of living, only as it
diffuses (expansion, hierarchical, usually)
• Varies across time and space with
resulting economic inequities
Wealth of the
World
1500
1900
1960
Rocket (train)
• “Preindustrial World”
Steam engine
– Industries did exist before the Ind. Rev. (e.g.
carpenters, textiles, silver,…)
– Cottage industries
– The inventions/new technology and available
natural resources are the stimulus for
industrialization.
• 18th Century marked by inventions
– The inventions took time and money
– Marked by a flow of capital due to colonies and
global trade
Power loom
Spinning jenny
Transportation
• England – 1st to
industrialize
– Groundbreaking
transportation
• 1825 - 1st railway
• 1819 – 1st steam ship to
cross Atlantic
• Goods + skills +
machines +
transportation =
Industrial leader
• Developed canal system
too!
Diffuse to Mainland –
by early 1800s
• Same location
principles
apply
– Proximity to
coal
– Connection via
a water port
• Why does
location
matter?
– Variable costs
– Friction of
distance
Major Industrial Centers before 1850
• Major Areas
– Western & Central Europe
– Eastern North America
– Russia & the Ukraine
– Eastern Asia
Western
and
Central
Europe
North America: Rivals to Europe
– DTM – as move into stage 2, population
increases and rural agricultural labor
moves to urban jobs
– New York – great relative location, major
break-of-bulk (e.g. ship-to-rail) port
– N. Am. benefited from nat. resources,
trans. networks, capital, and labor
– Most of the rest of the world lagged far
behind (exceptions: Ukraine, Australia,…)
Major Manufacturing Regions of Russia
Major
Manufacturing
Regions of East
Asia
Industrial Regions
• Be ready to explain social and economic
differences at a variety of scales.
• Social = change from rural to urban, changes in
family sizes, changes in role of women, changes
in living quarters
• Economic = changes in standard of living,
changes in overall GDP, changes in economic
sector, growth of urban areas, infrastructure
how to measure development
(the
process by which material conditions of a country’s people are improved. Occurs
through the diffusion of knowledge and technology.)
•
•
•
•
HDI (human development index) and
GINI (income inequality) and
GII (Gender Inequality Index)
= indicators that can help explain differences of
development at a variety of scales
• (other areas to also consider include
reproductive health, GEM – gender
empowerment measurement, participation of
women in labor-market participation)
GII (Gender Inequality Index) 2013
By global region
• Arab states
.54
• East Asia
.33
• Europe
.31
• Latin America .41
• South Asia
.539
• Sub Saharan .578
•
Measures gender inequalities in
three important aspects of
human development—
http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-4-genderinequality-index
– reproductive health measured by
• maternal mortality ratio and
• adolescent birth rates;
– empowerment, measured by
• proportion of parliamentary seats
occupied by females and
• proportion of adult females and
males aged 25 years and older with
at least some secondary education;
and
– economic status expressed as
• labor market participation and
• measured by labor force
participation rate of female and
male populations aged 15 years
and older.
GII
GINI Coefficient
• Named for Corrado Gini, an Italian
sociologist
• Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical
dispersion intended to represent the
income distribution of a nation's
residents, and is the most commonly used
measure of inequality.
• A measure of zero = equal income
• A measure of 1 would mean one person
had all of the income, the rest with none
GINI Coefficient
Country
HDI
GINI
GII
Global Region
Egypt
110
30.8
0.58
Arab Region
China
91
73
0.20
East Asia
Norway
1
25.8
0.068 Europe
Brazil
79
54.7
0.44
Latin America
India
135
33.9
0.56
South Asia
Mozambique 146
45.7
0.657 Sub-Saharan
USA
40.8
0.26
5
•https://www.google.com/#q=gini+index
Anglo-Am
Western Europe
• HDI: 0.93
• GII: 0.31
• Norway HDI 1 GII: 25.8
(.068)
• strong tradition of economic growth and
development.
• Relied on colonization & imperialism for
raw materials
Industrial Regions
•
•
•
•
United Kingdom
Rhine-Ruhr Valley
Mid-Rhine
Northern Italy
United Kingdom
• Industrial Revolution originated within the
United Kingdom.
• majority of factories in UK survived WWII
• Because of outdated factories of
production the UK has steadily been losing
its comparative advantage to progressing
nations.
Rhine-Ruhr Valley
• Northwestern Germany, Belgium, France,
and the Netherlands
– large coal and iron reservoirs leading to a
massive steel, locomotive, machinery, and
armament industry
– Creation of a major port due to a river;
Rotterdam the largest port in Europe.
Northern Italy
• region allowed for cheaper labor as well as
hydroelectric power
• Major textile region emerging at the end of
the 19th century and early 20th century
Eastern Europe HDI: 0.80
• Russian Fed GINI 40.1 GII 0.30
• Distance Decay – the closer countries are
to W. Europe, the better their economy
• Because of a slow transition Russia has
been declining gradually across the years
in HDI.
Russian Industry
• Central Industrial district – oldest region located around Moscow.
Chosen for its central location and population center.
• St. Petersburg Industrial district – major industry of shipbuilding
and sea trading
• Volga Industrial district – large natural gas reservoirs with
resources created that can be sent down the Volga river.
• Eastern Ukraine – large coal reserves and deposits of iron ore
make this region the largest producer of cheap steel in Eastern
Europe.
• Silesia – Poland and Czech Republic industrial section because
of large coal deposits regardless of limited resource of iron ore.
• Ural industrial district – mineral rich sector heavily industrialized
by the Russians. Remote access means energy resources
must be shipped to this sector.
• Kuznetsk industrial district – large deposits of coal and iron leading
to major steel productions within the region. Largest
development East of the Ural Mountains.
Ecological Disaster
• Eastern Europe: High levels of Sulfurous
Oxide released from industrial centers
have led to regions of dangerously high
levels of Acid rain and pollution
The Black Triangle
• Region in Eastern Europe of severe
environmental damage due to overindustrialization
• pH measurements have been as low as
2.4 in this region (normal rain is 5.5)
• By product of the massive amount of
industrialization byproduct released from
industry within Germany.
Black Triangle
Conflict between EU and CIS
• CIS near constant state of economic
hardship due to the flagging Russian
economy
• Member states increasing interest in
leaving CIS to apply for membership in the
EU (ex. Georgia)
• Russia cannot afford to lose key trading
partners which is resulting in strained
relations within the CIS.
Japan HDI: 0.94
• Initially exploited its
– high population and
– low cost of production to get a foothold in the global economy.
• In the middle of the 20th century it switched to invest in
education and specialized training in order to have a
highly specialized workforce
• Investments in Japan focus on research and
development with enormous budgets in these areas by
both businesses and government aid.
• The emergence of service sectors and high tech
industries (quaternary and quinary economic sectors)
have transformed the economic landscape
• Think about location, pollution, standard of living for the
labor force, education level…
European Model
• Japan’s rapid industrial development was
fueled by its early colonialism in Korea and
Northern China (cheap labor)
• With the aid of US foreign investment
coupled with preventionist policies for
private business, Japan was able to
recover from the destruction of World War
II.
Japan Today
• Japan has the 4th highest GDP at $5
trillion
• Japan is the leading producers of
automobiles within the world.
South Pacific HDI: 0.87
• Economies are traditionally tied to the
United Kingdom but have been
increasing involvement with Asian
nations.
• Major exporter of food and resources
but limited in economic influence due
to its periphery location
East Asia HDI: 0.76
• China
GINI 73 GII 0.20
• Chinese Economy (3rd in the world in GDP, 1/3
total world economic growth)
• Low wages of Chinese workers has resulted in
lower international factory wages.
• China has an enormous demand on resources
causing most industrial centers to be on the
coast cutting cost of shipping supplies inland.
• China - forgo environmental regulations as well
as expanding development within the interior of
the country.
Southeast Asia HDI: 0.58
• Climate does not allow for traditional
cultivation which has forced countries to
be exporters of industrial goods
• Initially achieved high levels of
development but due to corruption within
the government foreign investment has
decreased.
• The governments are now trying to draw
investment back to the state at cost to its
citizens
Southeast Asia HDI: .58
• Outsourcing of industry from MDCs to
LDCs in SE Asia is also transforming the
economic landscape
• Think loss of farmland, increased pollution,
movement of labor and housing,
infrastructure needed, types of buildings
• Vietnam 35.6 GII 0.32
Slide 36 India/China sector…
slide 37 South Asia
• (The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh gives
microloans to small businesses, including
female owned, to improve economic
development.
• Government initiatives at all levels also affect
economic development (for example: birth
control, education for girls, microloans, etc)
• GII - South Asia .539
India
33.9 GII 0.56
South Asia HDI: 0.58
• Has high level of mineral resources but is
hindered by its enormous population
• Produces a large supply of agricultural
goods that usually lead to surplus; issues
is these good are reliant on seasonal
rains.
• India is a booming service economy.
Telephone calling services have become a
large part of the economy.
Middle East HDI: 0.68
• Egypt GINI 30.8 GII 0.58
• only region in the world that enjoys trade
surplus due to increased oil reserves
• struggles to balance economic
development with cultural/religious beliefs
Iran
Middle East cont.
• Alternative Human Development Index
– Helps to explain how the Middle East lags in
HDI
– Operates on three principles of the region
• Lack of Political Freedom
• Low levels of education and literacy rates
• Lack of opportunities for women
Anglo-America HDI: 0.94
• Anglo-America is highly developed and
endowed with uniform religion and language.
• This region contains large amounts of mineral
supplies as well as being underdeveloped for
Agriculture
• It provides much of the specialized labor in the
global community and has adapted from a
secondary economic system to a tertiary
economic system.
Canada
• Canada is primarily a resource exporting
country
• There is limited manufacturing and aside
from Primary the economy is largely
focused in the Tertiary sector of the
economy
• Most of the industry that does exist occurs
close to the border with the United States
Canadian Shield
• This is one of the richest mineral deposits
in the world
VMS: volcanogenic
massive sulphide deposits
contain gold
Prophyry: contains
copper
SEDEX: source of lead,
zinc, barite
MVT: lead and zinc
IOCG: iron oxide,
copper, gold
Slide 40: Anglo America
• US
GINI 40.8 GII 0.26
• Quaternary and quinary economic sectors
affecting the economic landscape
• For example: Silicone Valley, Research
Triangle Park, Wake Forest Innovation
Quarter
United States
• The development of United States industry
was delayed because of their dependence
on the United Kingdom
• By 1860 the United States was the second
largest industrial power in the world behind
the United Kingdom
• It was not until the later part of the 19th
Century that American industry started to
use the steel making process
• Relied on Imperialism for markets
Latin America: HDI: 0.80
• Brazil GINI 54.7 GII 0.44
• Majority of the population is concentrated in
urban centers.
• Mexico is greatly aided in industrialization by its
proximity to the United States.
• The interior of South America remains
undeveloped and has been increasing in
deforestation for lumber and agriculture.
• Central America lags behind in development
because of an inequity in land distribution by
wealthy plantation owners.
Sub-Saharan Africa HDI: 0.51
• This is a heavily rich region in resources
• Faces issues with its enormous percent of
population living in poverty.
• Does not have the agricultural means to support
the largest growing population in the world.
• Faces internal issues due to previous colonial
status.
• Lack ability to ship goods from the country.
and 53 (Sub-Saharan Africa HDI)
• Why has this area not industrialized as
rapidly as Europe, Anglo America, East
Asia…?
• Microloans are also an important
development on a local scale, especially
for women
• GII Sub Saharan .578
• Mozambique GINI 45.7 GII 0.657
Ecotourism
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Go to Eduweb web site, http://www.eduweb.com/amazon.html. This site is based on field
research
into indigenous ecotourism in the Ecuadorian Amazon. It is designed to illustrate some basic
physical and human geography of the Amazon as well as the risks and benefits of ecotourism
as a development strategy.
2. Follow the link Try it! under Ecotourism Simulation Game
3. Follow the directions to participate in the game. Make note of your decisions (and why you
made them) as you play the game. You will need this information to complete this assignment.
4. Answer the following questions:
How did your version of the game end?
Was ecotourism under your direction successful? Why or why not (your opinion)?
What decisions did you make concerning implementing ecotourism that you would now change?
Would you do things differently if you had a chance? What may have caused you to change your
mind about some things?
Ecotourism
• A strategy for countries to help protect
their cultural and natural landscapes (the
environment) and to generate jobs.
• This is more sustainable and less
degrading to the environment.
• Often used by LDCs.
Major Industrial Centers
• The two largest countries in industry are
Brazil and Mexico
• These countries used protectionist policies
in order to prevent foreign industries from
interfering with development
• Most of these companies are located as
close as possible to the major population
centers.
The path to NAFTA
• Because of protectionist policies the
companies in Latin America tended to be
highly inefficient
• When financial crisis hit during the 1970s
these countries had to open up for outside
industries.
• For Mexico the only option was to work
directly with the United States
The path to NAFTA
• Globalization has led to an increase in
international trade and growing interdependence
• Has brought an international division of labor
• Has led to changes in the power of economic
blocs and possible extra difficulties for
governments of LCDs (often have less power
than the TNC – transnational corporations – and
international and/or supranational organizations
such as NAFTA and the EU)
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
• This free trade agreement signed in 1994
opened the borders between the US, Canada,
and Mexico
• Without trade restrictions there was a sharp
increase in the amount of industrial jobs
relocating to Mexico
• Maquiladora – plants located along the USMexico border that are taking advantage of
cheap labor as well as proximity to the market
Problems with NAFTA
• Deindustrialization within the United States
• With the United States’ enormous
agricultural production Mexican farmers
are unable to make a living
(Problems with NAFTA)
• International division of labor –
manufacturing has shifted to newly
industrialized countries which has also
resulted in a significant relocation of the
workforce globally and the development of
special economic zones
Energy
• How to address the resource depletion and
environmental degradation consequences of the
industrial revolution:
• Problems are natural resource depletion (oil,
coal)
• Mass consumption by MDCs
• Pollution
• Climate change consequences (think
Bangladesh and flooding, …)
• Sustainable development
• For example: sustainable energy sources,
energy efficient buildings/machines, etc
Energy & Technology
•
The combination of energy sources and technology greatly impacts the timing and
place of industrialization. The growth of mechanized production, which is usually
thought of the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, is strongly linked to the textile
industry in Lancashire, Northwest England. Mechanical looms could be established
only in places with a sufficient energy supply that was close to sources of early
venture capital. Similarly, the Industrial Revolution in North America also took place
initially in rural areas with adequate energy supplies (waterfalls), technology, raw
materials, capital, and access to domestic markets.
Technology and energy are essential to industrialization. Geography focuses on the
place or spatial context of this relationship. It is interesting to show students how the
relationship between industrialization and urban location changes. The first industrial
establishments were rural, the mass production factories of the early 1900s were
urban-based, and the expansion of tertiary and some quaternary activities is closely
associated with the growth of suburban areas (e.g. shopping malls, edge cities).
•
AP Central
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/geograph
y/international_issues/energy/revision/1/
Energy: What has changed?
• The world around us has changed significantly over the
past 20 years. Technology has become one of the main
drivers of economic and social development. The rapid
advancement of Information Technology (IT) all over the
world has transformed not only the way we think, but
also the way we act. All aspects of human life have been
affected by IT and the Internet, in particular. Needless to
say that practically all technologies run on electricity and
therefore the share of electricity is increasing rapidly,
faster than Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES)
Coal
Oil
• …plays an important role in the global energy balance,
accounted for 32% of energy consumption in 2010. This
proportion has changed very little in the last 20 years
(the figure was 37% in 1990), despite the fact that the
total amount of energy consumed worldwide has
increased by more than 50% over the same period. This
trend has been driven primarily in the last decade by
emerging countries. At regular points throughout these
two decades, questions have been raised about the
growing scarcity of fossil fuel resources and the
imminent inevitability of peak oil.
Natural Gas
• In 2012, for the first time in many years, the growth in
global gas demand outstripped that of coal. Despite the
current economic difficulties, the world might be looking
at the ‘Golden age of gas’, as the global gas market is
expected to reach 4 700bcm by 2030. This growth is
supported by an increase in gas production potential and
expansion of international trade based on a growing
number of LNG facilities and high pressure pipelines and
will continue for several decades. This average annual
growth of 1.4% is slightly higher than anticipated in the
IGU commentary provided for the previous edition of the
WEC Survey of Energy Resources report published in
2010.
•
•
There are four main categories of unconventional natural gas: shale gas, coalbed methane,
gas from tight sandstones (‘tight gas’) and the least well-known methane hydrates
Hydropower
• …provides a significant amount of energy
throughout the world. There has been
deployment in more than 100 countries,
contributing approximately 15% of the global
electricity production.
• The top 5 largest markets for hydropower in
terms of capacity are China, Brazil, the United
States, Russia, and Canada, with China far
exceeding the others at 249GW. Added to these,
India, Norway, Japan, France and Turkey
complete the top 10 countries in terms of
capacity.
Peat
• …is the surface organic layer of a soil, consisting of
partially decomposed organic material, derived mostly
from plants, that has accumulated under conditions of
waterlogging, oxygen deficiency, acidity and nutrient
deficiency. In temperate, boreal and sub-arctic regions,
where low temperatures (below freezing for long periods
during the winter) reduce the rate of decomposition, peat
is formed from mosses, herbs, shrubs and small trees
(Joosten & Clarke, 2002). In the humid tropics, it is
formed from rain forest trees (leaves, branches, trunks
and roots) under near constantly high temperature (Page
et al., 1999).
Uses of Peat
• Peat has a large number of uses, which may be
classified under three headings: Energy (as fuel for
electricity/heat generation, and directly as a source of
heat for industrial, residential and other purposes)
(Figures 6-7 and 6-8 – see page 5);Horticultural and
agricultural (e.g. as growing medium, soil improver,
cowshed/stable litter, compost ingredient);
• Other (e.g. as a source of organic and chemical products
such as activated carbon, resins and waxes, medicinal
products such as steroids and antibiotics, and
therapeutic applications such as peat baths and
preparations).
Biomass
• Today, biomass supplies some 50 EJ globally,
which represents 10% of global annual primary
energy consumption.
• This is mostly traditional biomass used for
cooking and heating
• There is significant potential to expand biomass
use by tapping the large volumes of unused
residues and wastes. The use of conventional
crops for energy use can also be expanded, with
careful consideration of land availability and food
demand.
Waste-to-Energy
• Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies consist of any
waste treatment process that creates energy in the form
of electricity, heat or transport fuels (e.g. diesel) from a
waste source. These technologies can be applied to
several types of waste: from the semi-solid (e.g.
thickened sludge from effluent treatment plants) to liquid
(e.g. domestic sewage) and gaseous (e.g. refinery
gases) waste. However, the most common application by
far is processing the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
(Eurostat, 2013). The current most known WtE
technology for MSW processing is incineration in a
combined heat and power (CHP) plant.
Solar
Thermal Energy
• …of the Earth is immense, but only a
fraction of it can be utilised. So far
utilisation of this energy has been limited
to areas where geological conditions
permit a carrier (water in the liquid or
vapour phases) to ‘transfer’ the heat from
deep hot zones to or near the surface,
thus creating geothermal resources
Environmental impact of wind
power
• No energy source is free of environmental effects. As the renewable
energy sources make use of energy in forms that are diffuse, larger
structures, or greater land use, tend to be required and attention
may be focused on the visual effects. In the case of wind energy,
there is also discussion of the effects of noise and possible
disturbance to wildlife - especially birds. It must be remembered,
however, that one of the main reasons for developing the renewable
sources is an environmental one - to reduce emissions of
greenhouse gases. Several studies have shown that wind plants
‘repay’ the energy used during construction by about 6 months or
less, and so electricity generated after that time realises substantial
emission savings. In many cases wind generation displaces coalfired plant, so 1 kWh of wind saves about 0.8-1 kg of carbon dioxide.
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/wind-farms-pt-1-3/1461.html