Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Catalyzing the Nuclear and Chemical Industries
Through the Pursuit of Clean, Sustainable
Energy
Kate Jackson
Senior Vice President, Research & Technology &
Chief Technology Officer
Westinghouse Electric Company
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Why Nuclear Energy?
• Meets policy goals to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions
• Highest reliability
• Low cost electricity
• Stable uranium fuel sources=less
fluctuation in price
• Creates thousands of jobs, $430
million per year at each site
• History of safe and reliable
operation
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Energy Production and Consumption in U.S. –
the Potential Market
U.S. Primary Energy Flow by Source and Sector, 2009
(Quad -- Quadrillion (1x10 15 ) Btu)
U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions by Sector, 2009
(Million metric tons, CO
2 equivalent
AEO 2010, May 2010)
Transportation
1845 Mt
Residential
1194 Mt
Commerical
1034 Mt
Industrial
1434 Mt
5507 Mt Total
Does not include biofuels that have been blended with petroleum —biofuels are included in “Renewable Energy."
Excludes supplemental gaseous fuels.
3Includes less than 0.1 quadrillion Btu of coal coke net exports.
4Conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar/PV, wind, an
d biomass.
5Includes industrial combined -heat -and -power (CHP) and industrial electricity -only plants.
6Includes commercial combined -heat -and -power (CHP) and commercial electricity -only plants.
7Electricity -only and combined -heat -and -power (CHP) plants whose primary business is to sell electricity
, or electricity and heat, to the public.
1
2
Note: Sum of components may not equal total due to independent r ounding.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2009, Tables 1.3, 2.1b
-2.1f , 10.3, and 10.4.
3
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
U.S. Electricity Production Costs
1995-2009, In 2009 cents per kilowatt-hour
Cents per Kwh
Source: Ventyx Velocity Suite
Updated: 5/10
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2010 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
U.S. Electricity Sources Which Do Not Emit
Greenhouse Gases
Wind
2.9%
Nuclear
73.6%
Hydro
22.0%
Solar
0.1%
Source: Global Energy Decisions / Energy Information Administration
Updated: 4/08
Geothermal
1.4%
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Capacity Factors by Generation Type
Fuel Type
Average Capacity Factors (%)
Nuclear
90
Coal (Steam Turbine)
71
Gas (Combined Cycle)
40
Gas (Steam Turbine)
17
Oil (Steam Turbine)
15
Hydro
32
Wind
30
Solar
19
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Broadening the Application for Nuclear
•
•
•
•
District heating
Remote installations / small grid markets
Desalination
Process heat
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Characteristics of Process Heat Markets
Co-generation
• Market is highly varied; comprised of multiple plants with varying ratings
supplying energy to different industries
– Petrochemical, aluminum & plastics plants, paper mills, crude oil and biorefineries, ammonia & fertilizer plants
Oil sands and oil shale
• Bitumen recovery: Supply of steam to multiple oil sands well pads and oil
shale wells
• Bitumen upgrading: Supply of process heat and hydrogen to support
upgrading to Synthetic Crude Oil
• Oil Sands:
– Electricity supply; centralized highly efficient electricity supply & distribution
– Water treatment; critical issue, modest heat and electricity supply required
Source: INL: “High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Projected Markets and Preliminary Economics”,
Aug 2011
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Process Heat Market (Estimated)
• Co-generation – 75 GWt
– Petrochemical, refinery, fertilizer / ammonia plants and others
• Oil sands / oil shale – 60 GWt
– Steam, electricity, hydrogen & water treatment
– Bitumen recovery & upgrading
• Hydrogen merchant market – 36 GWt
• Synthetic fuels (coal conversion) & feedstock – 249 GWt
– Steam, electricity, high temperature fluids, hydrogen
– Transportation fuels & feedstock
• IPP supply of electricity – 110 GWt
– 10% of the nuclear electrical supply increase required to achieve pending
Government objectives for emissions reductions by 2050
Source: INL: “High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Projected Markets and Preliminary Economics”,
Aug 2011
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Process Heat Applications
• Chemical Plants
– 1,500 psi (10 MPa) max steam pressure to drive equipment
– Many applications need 600 psi (~4 MPa) or less
– ~1,500 MWth total per plant
– Many sites
• Oil Sands
– 1,750 psi (12 MPa)
– Requires steam compressor development
• Lack of off-the-shelf compressor technology
• Development challenge is unknown
– Harsh site conditions
Vision: de-carbonize industrial sector
traditionally relying on fossil fuels
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Computer-Aided Process Optimization Software
(Processes) in the Nuclear Industry
• Nuclear power plant optimization
– Efficiency improvement
• Current operation at steady state
• Reduction of station service requirements
• Improved diagnostics and prognostics
• Load following capabilities expected for SMR
– Potential opportunity to explore and incorporate process
optimization software in areas such as control of power
output
• Fuel Manufacturing process optimization
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
What About “Nuclear Waste?”
• Used nuclear fuel is currently stored safely,
exists in manageable volumes and can be
potentially re-used in the future
• All of the used nuclear fuel that has been
produced in the past 50 years will fit on a
football field, stacked 10 meters high
• If your personal lifetime consumption of
electricity came solely from nuclear energy, the
“waste” would easily fit inside a Coke can (about
8 oz).
• If all your electricity came solely from coal,
you'd generate almost 70 tons of waste
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
And then there was Fukushima
● The Fukushima nuclear plants experienced
a series of unprecedented natural disasters
that exceeded the design basis:
 Earthquake ground force acceleration of
0.51g vs. design of 0.45g
 Tsunami wave 14 meters high vs. design of
tsunami wall at 5.7 meters
● The station blackout that occurred and the
damage that resulted have already provided
insight into what can be done to further
improve safety at existing plants and those
planned for the future
Damaged Unit 3 of the Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear power plant in Okumamachi,
Fukushima Prefecture
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2010 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
The Future of Nuclear Post-Fukushima
•
•
•
•
•
•
30 years of safe and reliable operation
Utilities and governments remain
committed to nuclear
New reactor development will continue
Nuclear energy is essential to meet
environmental goals
New awareness and appreciation for
advanced safety systems
The Westinghouse AP1000® is
designed with advanced safety systems
in case of a “beyond design basis”
event
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
What Makes the AP1000 ® Different?
• The AP1000 nuclear power plant can place the reactor in a Safe
Shutdown Condition within the first 72 hours of a Station Blackout,
without the use of AC power or operator action
• With some operator action after 3 days, the AP1000 nuclear power
plant continues to maintain reactor core cooling and Spent Fuel
Pool cooling indefinitely
• The AP1000 nuclear power plant has superior coping capabilities as
well as significantly reduced risk for core damage
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Simpler Design Requires Less Equipment
50% Fewer
Valves
35% Fewer
Pumps
80% Less
Pipe
45% Less
Seismic Building
Volume
85% Less
Cable
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
AP1000 ® Project Status
Six AP1000 units under contract - the first nuclear plant contracts in the
U.S. in 30 years. Eight additional AP1000 units are planned.
VC Summer
Vogtle Unit 3
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Westinghouse AP1000 ®
On Schedule for 2013 in China
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Moving Forward with
Small Modular Reactors
● Lessons learned from Fukushima
incorporated into new and existing plants
will further increase safety
● The event has raised awareness and
appreciation for passive safety systems like
those used in the AP1000® design as well
as the Small Modular Reactor
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
What It Is…
● An integral PWR
● Innovative packaging of proven
components
● The highest levels of safety with
fewer accident scenarios
● Industry-proven equipment
designs
● Compact reactor coolant system
and containment
● An engineered solution for today’s
clean energy challenges
…Simplicity in Design
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Containment
Vessel
Pressurizer
Steam
Generator
Core
Makeup Tank
Reactor
Coolant Pumps
Internal Control
Rod Drives
Reactor Core
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
How Small is Small?
25 Westinghouse SMR
Containment Vessels fit in a
single AP1000® Containment
Vessel
Westinghouse Non-Proprietary Class 3
© 2011 Westinghouse Electric Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Convergence of Industries
• Nuclear has appropriate characteristics for
“decarbonizing” the Chemical Industry
• As Nuclear plants are called on to cycle, new
optimization issues will emerge
• Fuel production and waste management offer
opportunities for collaboration