BASIC PUMP
OPERATIONS
BASED ON THE IFSTA
DRIVER/OPERATOR
PUMPER 2ND EDITION
What is water?
 Upon
completion of Chapter 1 the
student shall be able to:
• List characteristics of water and why it is used as
an extinguishing agent.
• Explain the ways in which water smothers fire.
• List advantages and disadvantages of water as
an extinguishing agent.
• Match definitions to terms associated with
pressure.
• List causes of friction loss in fire hose.
• List the principles of friction loss.
• List ways to reduce friction loss
• Describe what a water hammer is and how to
prevent a water hammer from occurring.
 Water
is a compound of hydrogen and
oxygen formed when two hydrogen
atoms (H2) combine with one oxygen
atom (O).
 Between
32ºF and 212ºF (0ºC and 100ºC),
water exists in a liquid state.
 It
is a stable liquid, which is normally
readily available at fire scenes.
 Below
32º F (0ºC) (the freezing point of
water), water converts to a solid state
called ice.
 Above
212ºF (100ºC) (the boiling point of
water), water converts into a gas called
water vapor or steam; it cannot be seen.
 Water
is capable of absorbing large
amounts of heat.
 Water
is considered to be
incompressible, and its weight varies at
different temperatures.
 Water is heaviest close to its freezing
point.
 Water
 For
is lightest close to its boiling point.
fire protection purposes, ordinary
fresh water is generally considered to
weigh 8.33 lb/gal
 Cooling
• By absorbing heat from the fire
 Smothering
• Water can be used to smother fires in
combustible liquids whose specific gravity is
higher than 1.
• Smothering also occurs to some extent when
water converts to steam in a confined space.
 Water
has a greater heat-absorbing
capacity than other common
extinguishing agents.
A
relatively large amount of heat is
required to change water to steam. This
means that more heat is absorbed from
the fire.
 The
greater the surface area of water
exposed, the more rapidly heat is absorbed.
The exposed surface are of water can be
expanded by using fog streams or
deflecting solid streams off objects.
 Water
converted into steam occupies 1,700
times its original volume.
 Water
is plentiful, relatively inexpensive,
and readily available in most jurisdictions.
 Water
has a high surface tension and
does not readily soak into dense
materials. However, when wetting agents
are mixed with water, the water’s surface
tension is reduced and its penetrating
ability is increased.
 Water
may be reactive with certain fuels
such as combustible metals.
 Water
has low levels of opacity and
reflectivity that allow radiant heat to
easily pass through it.
 Water
readily conducts electricity, which
can be hazardous to firefighters working
around energized electrical equipment.
 Water
freezes at 32ºF (0ºC), which is a
problem in jurisdictions that frequently
experience freezing conditions. Water
freezing poses a hazard to firefighters by
coating equipment, roofs, ladders, and
other surfaces. In addition, ice forming in
and on equipment may cause it to
malfunction.
A
1-square-inch column of water 1 foot
high exerts a pressure at its base of 0.434
psi.
 The
height required for a 1-square-inch
column of water to produce 1 psi at its
base equals 1 foot divided by 0.434
psi/ft.
 Therefore, 2.304
feet of water column
exerts a pressure of 1 psi at its base.
 Atmospheric
pressure — Pressure
exerted by the atmosphere at sea level
(14.7 psi)
 psig — Pounds per square inch gauge;
actual atmospheric pressure = gauge
reading
 Vacuum — Any pressure less than
atmospheric pressure
 Negative
pressure — Gauge readings of
less than 0 psi
 Head — The height of a water supply
above the discharge orifice
 Head pressure — The result of dividing
the number of feet that the water supply
is above the discharge orifice by 2.304
 Static — At rest or without motion
 Static
pressure — Stored potential energy
available to force water through pipe,
fittings, fire hose, and adapters
 Residual — A remainder or that which is
left
 Residual pressure — That part of the total
available pressure not used to overcome
friction loss or gravity while forcing
water through pipe, fittings, fire hose, and
adapters
 Elevation
— The center line of the pump
or the bottom of a static water supply
source above or below ground level
 Pressure loss — When a nozzle is above
the pump
 Pressure gain — When the nozzle is
below the pump
 Elevation pressure — Another term for
both pressure loss and pressure gain
 Friction
loss — That part of the total
pressure lost while forcing water through
pipe, fittings, fire hose, and adapters
 Movement
of water molecules against
each other
 Linings in fire hose
 Couplings
 Sharp bends
 Change in hose size or orifice by
adapters
 Improper
gasket size
 First
Principle — If all other conditions
are the same, friction loss varies directly
with the length of the hose or pipe.
 Second
Principle
— When hoses
are the same
size, friction loss
varies
approximately
with the square
of the increase in
the velocity of
the flow.
 Third
Principle – For the same discharge,
friction loss varies inversely to the
diameter of the hose. The larger the hose
the less friction loss.
 Fourth Principle – For a given flow
velocity, friction loss is approximately the
same, regardless of the pressure on the
water. So no matter the size of the hose,
friction loss will be the same if the water
is moving at the same velocity.
 Minimize
sharp bends or kinks in the
hose by using proper hose handling
techniques.
 Reduce
the length of the hose or increase
its diameter.
 Suddenly
stopping water moving through
a hose or pipe results in an energy surge
being transmitted in the opposite
direction, often at many times the original
pressure. This surge is referred to as
water hammer.
 Water
hammer can damage the pump,
appliances, hose, or the municipal water
system itself.
 Always
open and close nozzle controls,
hydrants, valves, and hose clamps slowly
to prevent water hammer.
 Apparatus inlets and remote outlets
should be equipped with pressure relief
devices to prevent damage to equipment.
 High-volume systems should be
protected with dump valves.
 All
pumping apparatus driver/operators
should
• Understand the properties of water as a fire
extinguishing agent
• Know the factors that influence its delivery
during a pumping operation
• Be thoroughly familiar with the operation of
the apparatus to which they are assigned
 How
does water have the ability to
extinguish fire?
 What are the advantages of water as an
extinguishing agent?
 What are the disadvantages of water as
an extinguishing agent?
 What are some of the causes of friction
loss in fire hose?
 Name
ways to reduce friction loss.
 What is a water hammer?
Fire Hose Nozzles and Flow Rates
Define fire stream.
 List factors that influence a fire stream.
 Explain why driver/operator must be
knowledgeable about fire streams.
 List nozzle operating pressures for:

• Smooth bore handline
• Fog handline
• Smooth bore master stream
• Fog master stream
A
fire stream is a stream of water or other
extinguishing agent after it leaves a
nozzle until it reaches the desired point.
To be effective, must deliver a sufficient
quantity of water.
 Fire
streams are influenced by:
• Velocity
• Gravity
• Wind
• Friction with the air
• Operating pressures
• Nozzle design
• Nozzle adjustment
• Condition of the nozzle orifice
 The
type of fire stream applied to a fire
depends on the nozzle being used.
 Each
nozzle has its own optimum flow rate and
discharge pressure, which affects the
calculations performed by the driver/operator.
 Driver/Operators
must understand the
capabilities of each nozzle to provide the
appropriate pressure and volume of water.
 Produce
a
stream as
compact as
possible with
little shower or
spray
 Reach
areas that
other streams
might not
 May
be used on handlines, portable or
apparatus-mounted master streams, or
elevated master streams
 Are designed so that the shape of the
water in the nozzle is gradually reduced
until it reaches a point a short distance
from the outlet; at this point, the nozzle
becomes a cylindrical bore whose length
is from one to one and one-half times its
diameter
 Have
a smooth-finish waterway that
contributes to both the shape and reach
of the stream
Note: Alteration or damage to the nozzle
can significantly alter stream shape and
performance.
 Nozzle
pressure and the size of the
discharge opening determine the flow
and stream reach.
 Should
be operated at 50 psi on
handlines
 Should
be operated at 80 psi on master
stream devices
GPM SOLID BORE NOZZLE
50 psi
(handline)
80 psi
(master stream)
7/8”
=
150 gpm
1 3/8”
=
400 gpm
1”
=
200 gpm
1½”
=
600 gpm
1 1/8”
=
250 gpm
1¾”
=
800 gpm
1¼”
=
300 gpm
2”
=
1000 gpm
A
nozzle that breaks the water that flows
through it into tiny droplets of water. The
theory is that small droplets of water
create more surface area than a solid
stream created by a smooth bore nozzle.
The water absorbs the heat, turns into
steam, and displaces the oxygen,
smothering the fire.
 Is
directly
dependent on
• Width of the
stream
• Size of water
droplets
• Wind
• Amount of water
flowing
 Are
designed to flow a specific amount of
water at a specific nozzle discharge
pressure on all stream patterns
 Discharge
the same volume of water
regardless of the pattern setting
 Are
intended to be operated at a nozzle
pressure of 100 psi
 Fixed
gallonage nozzle has one hole size
 Single Flow Combination (Fog) Nozzle
 One correct nozzle pressure
• To achieve rated flow
• To achieve optimum performance
 Pump
pressure must be changed each
time nozzle or tip is changed
 Have
a number of constant flow settings,
enabling a flow rate that best suits the
existing conditions
 Supply the selected flow at the rated
nozzle discharge pressure; actual flow
will differ if proper pressure cannot be
supplied
 Are designed to supply the gallonage
marked on each setting at a nozzle
pressure of 100 psi
 Selectable
gallonage nozzle has a few
different hole sizes
 Manually changed
 One correct nozzle pressure
• To achieve rated flow
• To achieve optimum performance
 Pump
pressure must be changed each
time setting is changed
Selectable Gallonage Ring
 Are
the most common variable flow
nozzles in use
 Are also referred to as constant pressure
nozzles or multipurpose nozzles
 Are variable flow nozzles with patternchange capabilities and the ability to
maintain the same nozzle pressure
 Maintain
approximately same nozzle
pressure and pattern if gallonage
supplied to nozzle changes
 Can have a stream that appears
adequate, but may not be supplying
sufficient water for extinguishment or
protection; the goal of the
driver/operator is to provide an
acceptable flow of water at the discharge
pressure for which the nozzle is designed
 Most
are designed for a 100 psi
discharge pressure
 Serve
as a pressure regulator for the
pumper as lines are added or shut down,
ensuring that available water may be
used continuously
100 GPM @ 100 PSI
NOTE: Baffle ope ning.
200 GPM @ 100 PSI
NOTE: Change in baffle ope ning as gpm incre as e s .
300 GPM @ 100 PSI
NOTE: Change in baffle ope ning as gpm incre as e s .
 CAUTION!
Make sure that adequate
pump discharge pressures are used to
supply hoselines equipped with
automatic nozzles. Nozzles receiving
inadequate pressures may not provide
the volume of water needed to
sufficiently cool a burning fuel even
though the stream appears adequate.
 Are
designed to be placed on attack
lines that can be easily maneuvered by
firefighters
 May be of the solid, fog, impinging, or
broken stream type
 Range in size from small booster line
nozzles for ¾-inch booster line to large
fog or solid stream nozzles for 3-inch
hoseline
 Can
flow a maximum of 350 gpm safely;
flows greater than 350 gpm
produce nozzle reactions that make the
hoselines difficult and dangerous for
firefighters to handle
 Include
any fire stream that is too large to
be controlled without mechanical aid
 Are
powerful and generate a
considerable amount of nozzle reaction
force; it is extremely important that
firefighters take proper safety
precautions
 May
be either solid or fog streams; both
utilize a nozzle of sufficient size to deliver
the higher flows
 Are
usually operated at 80 psi
(smoothbore) and 100 psi (fog)
 Flow
350 gpm or greater
 Friction
loss varies from device to device
– each department must determine the
friction loss in the devices it has
available, either by flow test or
manufacturer’s documentation
 Add 25 psi for master stream device.
 Pumping
apparatus driver/operators
must be familiar with the different types
of nozzles carried on their apparatus.
 Each
type of nozzle has its own optimum
flow rate and discharge pressure.
 The
particular type of nozzle being used
affects the hydraulic calculations that
driver/operators must perform.
 Even
though driver/operators are usually
not responsible for selecting an
appropriate nozzle to perform a
particular evolution, they must
understand the capabilities of each
nozzle in order to properly support it.

What is a fire stream?

What factors influence a fire stream?

When are master stream nozzles used?

What is the operating pressures for each
type of nozzle discussed?
Theoretical and Field Hydraulic Calculations.
 To
calculate pressure loss in a variety of
hose lays and fireground situations.
Candidates will also be able to use the
figures derived from pressure loss
calculations to determine the pump
discharge pressure required to
adequately supply fire streams
RESA
 List
variables that must be taken into
consideration when calculating total
pressure loss.
 Calculate friction loss.
 Calculate elevation pressure.
 Calculate total pressure loss in single
hoseline layouts.
RESA
 Calculate
pump discharge pressure.
 Select facts about flowmeters.
 Interpret a pump chart.
 Use the hand method for 2 ½” and 1 ¾”
hoselines.
 To
supply fire suppression crews with the
water flow and pressure needed to
achieve fire control and/or
extinguishment.
 Rarely uses theoretical calculations on
fireground.
 Theoretical calculations give D/O a
better understanding of the basis for
fireground methods of calculation.
 Theoretical
calculations allow the D/O to
predetermine accurate pump discharge
pressures for preconnected hoselines
and common hose lays.
 Serves as a tool for pre-incident planning
at properties that require hose
deployment that is out of the ordinary for
the fire department.
RESA
 Volume
of water flowing per minute
 Length and diameter of the hoseline
 Any major appliances attached to
hoseline
 Pressure loss or gain created by
elevation differences
 Actual Tests
- Best method is to perform
test with pressure gauges to measure
pressure loss in hoses and appliances
 Calculations
- Give a general sense of the
friction loss, but will differ from the actual
test
 FL
= CQ2L
• FL = Friction loss in psi
• C = Friction loss constant for particular hose
• Q = Flow rate in hundreds of gpm (flow/100)
• L = Hose length in hundreds of feet
(length/100)
 This
is the formula used by IFSTA & NFPA
 Obtain
from table the friction loss
coefficient for the hose being used
 Determine the number of hundreds of
gallons of water per minute flowing (Q)
through the hose Q = gpm/100
 Determine the number of hundred of feet
of hose (L) with L = feet/100
 Plug number obtained into equation
If 300 gpm is flowing from a nozzle, what is the
total pressure loss due to friction for 400 feet of
2½” hose?
C=2
Q = gpm/100 = 300/100 = 3
L = feet/100 = 400/100 = 4
FL = CQ2L = (2) (3)2 (4) = (2) (9) (4)
FL = 72 psi
What is the total pressure loss due to
friction in 600 feet of 4” hose flowing 750
gpm?
C = 0.2
Q = gpm/100 = 750/100 = 7.5
L = feet/100 = 600/100 = 6
FL=CQ2L = (0.2) (7.5)2 (6) = (0.2) (56.25)
(6)
FL = 67.5 psi total friction loss
What is the total pressure loss due to
friction in 250 feet of 1¾” hose when 150
gpm flowing?
C = 15.5
Q = gpm/100 = 150/100 = 1.5
L = hose length/100 = 250/100 = 2.5
FL=CQ2L=(15.5)(1.5)2(2.5)=(15.5)(2.25)(2.
5)
FL = 87.2 psi total friction loss
0
psi pressure loss for flows less than 350
gpm
 10 psi pressure loss for flows 350 or
greater
 25 psi friction loss in all master stream
appliances
 25 psi friction loss for standpipe systems
 Elevation
pressure, which is created by
elevation differences between the nozzle and
the pump must be considered when
determining total pump pressure
 Water exerts 0.434 psi per foot of elevation
 Higher elevation demands an increase in
pressure to compensate
 Lower elevation demands a decrease in
pressure to compensate
EP = 0.5 H
EP = Elevation pressure in psi
0.5 = A constant
H = Height in feet
For Multistory Buildings
EP = 5 psi x (number of stories - 1)
Calculate the total pressure loss due to
elevation pressure for a hoseline
operating at the top of a 100 foot hill.
EP = 0.5 H
EP = (0.5) (100)
EP = 50 psi
A hoseline operating on a ninth-floor structure
fire is connected to the building’s standpipe
system. What is the total pressure loss due to
elevation at the base of the standpipe system?
EP = 5 psi (number of stories - 1)
EP = 5 psi x (9-1) = (5) (8)
EP = 40 psi
 Most
commonly used layout
 Attack lines and supply lines
 Simplest friction loss calculations
 Total
Pressure Loss (TPL)
• TPL = FL ± EP
• EP = Elevation pressure in psi
• FL = Friction Loss
 EP
= 0.5 H
 FL = CQ2L
A pumper is supplying a hoseline with 250
gpm flowing. The hoseline is 200 feet of
2½” hose. What is the pressure loss due
to friction in the hose assembly?
2½” Hose
C=2
Q = gpm/100 = 250/100 = 2.50
L = Feet/100 = 200/100 = 2
FL = CQ2L = (2)(2.5)2(2) = (2) (6.25) (2)
FL = 25 psi
A pumper is supply 100 feet of 1¾” hose
flowing 150 gpm to the second story of a
house. What is the pressure loss due to
friction and elevation in the hose
assembly?
FL = C Q2 L
FL = (15.5) (1.50)2 (1)
FL = 35 psi
EP = 5 psi (number of stories - 1)
EP = 5 psi (2-1) = 5 psi
TPL = 35 psi + 5 psi = 40 psi
Student Activity 3-3
 PDP=NP
+ TPL
 PDP= Pump discharge pressure in psi
 NP= Nozzle pressure in psi
 TPL=Total pressure loss in psi
• Appliance, friction and elevation gain or loss
A
pumper is supplying 200 feet of 2½”
hose flowing 200 gpm through a fog
nozzle. What is the pump discharge
pressure required to supply the hoseline?
 PDP
= NP + TPL
 NP = 100 (Fog nozzle)
 TPL = FL + SA ± EP
 FL = CQ2L
 FL = (2) (2)2(2)
 FL = 16
 PDP = 100 + 16= 116 psi
A
pumper is supplying a 1¾” hoseline
200 feet long equipped with a 200 gpm
smooth bore nozzle. What is the pump
discharge pressure required to supply
this hoseline?
 PDP
= NP + TPL
 NP = 50 (Smooth bore handline)
 TPL = FL + SA ± EP
 FL = CQ2L
 FL = (15.5) (2)2(2)
 FL = 124
 PDP = 50 + 124=174
Student Activity 3-4
 Flowmeters
 Hydraulic
calculators
 Pump charts
 Hand method
 Condensed “Q” formula
 GPM flowing method
 Provide
water flow in gpm; displayed
number requires no further calculation
 Are
particularly advantageous when
supplying hoselines or master stream
devices equipped with automatic nozzles
 Can
make it possible for
driver/operators to pump the correct
volume of water to nozzles without
knowing the length of hoseline, the
amount of friction loss, or whether the
nozzles are above or below the pump
 Are
allowed to be used instead of
pressure gauges on all discharges 1½ to
3 inches in diameter
 Can
be used on discharges that are 3½
inches or larger, but must also have an
accompanying pressure gauge
 Must
provide a readout in increments no
larger than 10 gpm
 Should
be accurate to a tolerance of +/- 3
percent, when properly calibrated and in
good working condition
 Have
a discharge readout display
mounted within 6 inches of the valve
control for each discharge equipped
 Provides
• Flow through any particular discharge at that
time
• Total amount of water being flowed through the
pump at that time
• Total amount of water that has been flowed
through the pump for the duration of that
incident
• Amount of foam being flowed
 If
the flow does not increase when the
driver/operator increases pressure,
several problems are likely – kinks, a
closed valve, etc.
 If water volume at the nozzle has
suddenly diminished but there is no
reduction in the flowmeter reading, it can
be assumed that a hose has burst.
 Enable
the driver/operator to determine
the pump discharge pressure required to
supply a hose layout without having to
perform tedious mental hydraulic
calculations
 Manual
or mechanical — Operate by
moving a slide or dial in which the
water flow, size of hose, and length of
the hose lay are indicated
 Electronic
• Allow the driver/operator to input the known
information: water flow, size of hose, length of
hose lay, elevation changes
• Computes required pump discharge pressure
using preprogrammed formulas
• Portable or mounted near the pump panel
• Inexpensive programmable calculators can be
preprogrammed and carried on apparatus.
The Akron FireCalc is
the only calculator on
the market to offer
solutions for engine
pressure, friction
loss, application flow
rate, flow rate,
reaction force etc. A
training tool every
firefighter can use
when determining fire
ground hydraulics.
 Are
used by some fire departments to
reduce the need for calculations on the
emergency scene
 Contain
the required pump discharge
pressures for various hose lays and
assemblies used within that jurisdiction
 May
be placed on laminated sheets
carried on the apparatus or on plates that
are affixed to the pump panel
 May
be developed by fire departments
or supplied by fire hose or nozzle
manufacturers
 Nozzle
column — Includes nozzles and
devices used by the department
developing the chart; includes
applications such as sprinkler system
support or relay pumping operations
 GPM
column — Indicates the flow being
provided to that nozzle or layout
 NP
column — Indicates the nozzle
pressure being produced
 100, 200, etc. columns
— Indicate the
number of feet of hose being used to
supply a given nozzle or layout
1. Locate a nozzle column and the nozzle
or layout being used.
2. Follow that line across to the vertical
column headed by the number of feet
of hose in that layout.
3. The figure in the block where the two
columns intersect is the required pump
discharge pressure.
 Identify
all nozzles, devices, and layouts
used by the department and enter them
in the nozzle column.
 Enter
gpm flowing and the nozzle
pressure desired for each item in the
appropriate columns.
 Calculate
the required pump discharge
pressures for each of the listed layouts.
 Be
certain to include friction loss in
master stream appliances flowing in
excess of 350 gpm.
 For
wyed hoselines, the length of layout
numbers indicate the number of feet of
hose between the pumper and the wye.
 When
a master stream nozzle may be
supplied by a different number or size of
hoselines, indicate these on the chart.
 Round pump discharge pressure to the
nearest 5 psi.
 Do not list pump discharge pressures that
exceed the test pressure used for the size
of hose concerned or the pump test
pressure.
 When
calculating pump discharge
pressures for relay operations, provide
established departmental residual
pressures at the intake of the pumper
being supplied. This residual pressure
may be indicated on the chart as a nozzle
pressure.
Sample
Pump
Chart
1. Starting with the thumb of the left hand,
each finger is numbered at the base in
terms of hundreds of gpm.
2. Returning to the thumb, and again
moving from left to right, the tip of each
finger is given a successive even
number, beginning with two.
3. Because nozzle capacities vary in gpm,
the nearest half-hundred can be used
with slight variations. The numbers 3, 5,
7, and 9 can be used for flows of 150,
250, 350, and 450 gpm, respectively.
These half-hundred figures can be
assigned to the spaces between the
fingers.
4. The friction loss for 100 feet of 2½-inch
hose at a desired flow is determined by
selecting the finger to which the
desired flow has been assigned, and
multiplying the number at the tip of the
finger by the first digit at the base of
the finger.
5. The answers provided by this method
give a reasonable estimate of the
friction loss that can be expected in
that hoseline. If more accurate figures
are required, one of the other methods
previously discussed in this curriculum
needs to be employed.
 Using
the hand method calculate the friction
loss for 100 feet of 2½” hose flowing 300 GPM.
• 3 x 6 = 18 psi
 Using
the hand method calculate the friction
loss for 100 feet of 2½” hose flowing 250 GPM.
• 2.5 x 5 = 12.5 psi
 Using
the hand method calculate the friction
loss for 300 feet of 2½” hose flowing 200 GPM.
• 2 x 4 = 8 psi per 100 feet x 300 feet = 21 psi

Calculate the friction
loss in 100 feet of 1¾inch hose by going to
the finger that
corresponds to the
flow you are using and
multiplying the
number at the tip of
the finger by the
number at the base of
the same finger.
 Using
the hand method calculate the friction
loss for 100 feet of 1 ¾” hose flowing 150 GPM.
• 3 x 12 = 36 psi
 Using
the hand method calculate the friction
loss for 100 feet of 1 ¾” hose flowing 100 GPM.
• 1 x 12 = 12 psi
 Using
the hand method calculate the friction
loss for 200 feet of 1 ¾” hose flowing 200 GPM.
• 5 x 12 = 60 psi per 100 feet x 200 feet = 120 psi
 Fireground
situations are often loud and
chaotic scenes that make performing
complex mental calculations difficult for
driver/operators.
 Many departments train driver/operators
to use flowmeters, hydraulic calculators,
pump charts, and simplified methods of
determining pressure loss and required
pump discharge pressure during fire
incidents.
9–
13
1. What is the IFSTA and NFPA formula for
determining friction loss in fire hose?
2. What factors must be considered when
determining the pump discharge
pressure?
3. How many columns are there on a
pump chart? Name each column.
4. Describe the hand method for
determining friction loss.
Fire Pump Design and Operation
 Complete
statements about the operation
of positive displacement fire pumps.
 Answer questions about centrifugal
pumps.
 Complete statements about the operation
of centrifugal pumps.
 Answer questions about changeover.
 Identify characteristics of various
automatic pressure control devices.
 Match
pump primers to their
descriptions and operating techniques.
 Match pump panel controls and
instruments to their descriptions.
 State the primary function of an auxiliary
cooler.
 Have
been largely replaced by the
centrifugal pump for use as the main fire
pump on modern fire apparatus
 Are
still a necessary part of the overall
pumping system on modern fire
apparatus because they pump air
 Are
used as priming devices to get water
into centrifugal pumps during drafting
operations
 By
removing the air trapped in the
centrifugal pump, water is forced into the
pump casing by atmospheric pressure
 Types
• Piston
• Rotary
 Are
the simplest of all pumps in design
 Were
used extensively as the major
pump on older fire apparatus
 Are
now used as small capacity boostertype pumps, low-volume high pressure
pumps, and priming pumps
 Two
gears rotate in
a tightly meshed
pattern inside a
watertight case. The
gears contact each
other and are in
close proximity to
the case.
 With
this arrangement, the gears within
the case form watertight and airtight
pockets as they turn from the intake to
the outlet.
 As
each gear tooth reaches the discharge
chamber, the air or water in that pocket is
forced out of the pump.
 As
the tooth returns to the intake side of
the pump, the gears are meshed tightly
enough to prevent the water or air that
has been discharged from returning to
the intake.
 Produce
amount water dependent upon
the size of the pockets in the gears and
the speed of rotation
 Are
very susceptible to damage from
normal wear, sand, and other debris; can
be prevented with bronze or soft metal
gears
 Are
constructed
with movable
elements that
compensate for
wear and
maintain a tighter
fit with close
clearances as the
pump is used
 Are
one of the most common types of
pumps used to prime centrifugal pumps
 Are
more efficient at pumping air than a
rotary gear pump because the pump is
self-adjusting
 The
rotor is mounted off-center inside the
housing. The distance between the rotor
and the housing is much greater at the
intake than it is at the discharge. The
vanes are free to move within the slot
where they are mounted.
 As
the rotor turns, the vanes are forced
against the housing by centrifugal force.
 When
the surface of the vane that is in
contact with the casing becomes worn,
centrifugal force causes it to extend
further, thus automatically maintaining a
tight fit.
 As
the rotor turns, air is trapped between
the rotor and the casing in the pockets
forced by adjacent vanes.
 As
the vanes turn, this pocket becomes
smaller, which compresses the air and
causes pressure to build up. This pocket
becomes even smaller as the vanes
progress toward the discharge opening.
 At
this point, the pressure reaches its
maximum level, forcing the trapped air
out of the pump. The air or water is
prevented from returning to the intake by
the close spacing of the rotor at that
point.
 The
air being evacuated from the intake
side causes a reduced pressure (similar
to a vacuum), and water is forced into the
pump by atmospheric pressure until the
pump fills with water.
 At
this point, the pump is primed and
forces water out of the discharge in the
same manner as air was forced out.
Motor
Rotary Vane
Pump
 Are
utilized by nearly all modern fire
apparatus
 Are
classified as nonpositive
displacement pumps because they do
not pump a definite amount of water with
each revolution. Rather, they impart
velocity to the water and convert it to
pressure within the pump itself.
 Have
virtually eliminated the positive
displacement pump as a major fire pump
in the fire apparatus
 Consists
of:
• Impeller — Transmits energy in the form of
velocity to the water
• Casing — Collects the water and confines it
in order to convert the velocity to pressure
• Volute — Is a water passage that gradually
increases in cross-sectional area as it nears
the pump discharge outlet
 The
impeller in a centrifugal pump
rotates very rapidly within the casing,
generally from 2,000 to 4,000 rpm.
 The
volume capacity of the pump is
dependent on the size of the eye of the
impeller. The greater the eye, the greater
the flow capacity.
 Main
factors that influence discharge
pressure:
• Amount of water being discharged
• Speed at which the impeller is turning
• Pressure of water when it enters the pump
from a pressurized source (hydrant, relay,
etc.)
 The
operation of a centrifugal pump is
based on the principle that a rapidly
revolving disk tends to throw water
introduced at its center toward the outer
edge of the disk. The faster the disk is
turned, the farther the water is thrown, or
the more velocity the water has.
 If
the water is contained at the edge of
the disk, the water at the center of the
container begins to move outward. The
velocity created by the spinning disk is
converted to pressure by confining the
water within the container.
 The
water is limited by the walls of the
container and moves upward in the path
of least resistance.
 This
shows that pressure has been
created on the water. The height to which
it raises, or to extend to which it
overcomes the force of gravity, depends
upon the speed of rotation.
 The
centrifugal pump consists of two
parts: an impeller and a casing. The
impeller transmits energy in the form of
velocity to the water. The casing collects
the water and confines it in order to
convert the velocity to pressure. Then
the casing directs the water to the
discharge of the pump.
 Are
constructed with a single impeller
 Are used on front-mount pumps, PTOs,
separate engine-driven and midship
transfer pumps
 May provide capacities up to 2,000 gpm
 May have a double suction impeller to
minimize the lateral thrust of large
quantities of water entering the eye of the
impeller
 Have
an impeller for each stage mounted
within a single housing
 Have impellers that are usually mounted on a
single shaft driven by a single drivetrain
 Have identical impellers of the same capacity
 Have the capability of connecting the stages in
series for maximum pressure or in parallel for
maximum volume by use of a transfer valve
Courtesy: Hale Fire Pump Company
 Have
impellers that take water from a
source and deliver it to the discharge
 Causes
impellers to be capable of
delivering its rated pressure while
flowing 50 percent of the rated capacity;
therefore, the total amount of water the
pump can deliver is equal to the sum of
each stage
 All
water from the manifold is directed into the
eye of the first impeller, increasing the pressure
and discharging 50 to 70 percent of the volume
capacity through the transfer valve and into the
eye of the second impeller.
 The
second impeller increases the pressure
and delivers the water at the higher pressure
into the pump discharge port.
Courtesy: Waterous Company
 The
process of switching between the
pressure and volume position
 SOPs
in some departments specify that
the transfer valve stay in the pressure
position until it is necessary to supply
more than one-half the rated volume
capacity of the pump.
 However, most
pump manufacturers
specify that the pump may remain in the
pressure system until it is necessary to
flow more than two-thirds of the rated
volume capacity. At lower flow rates,
operating in the series (pressure)
position reduces the load and the
required rpm of the engine.
 Consult
the owner’s manual for:
• The specific pump being operated to obtain
information on its recommended flow rate at
which the transfer should occur.
• The maximum pressure at which the transfer
valve should be operated. In most cases, the
recommended maximum pressure will not
exceed 50 psi.
 Because
there may be a slight
interruption to fireground operations
when changeover occurs, coordinate with
attack crews so that lines are not shut
down at critical times.
 Attempt
to anticipate the requirements
that will be placed on the pumper as the
fire fighting operation progresses and
have the pump in the proper position.
 If
there is any question as to the proper
operation of the transfer valve, it is better
to be in parallel (volume) than in series
(pressure). While the parallel (volume)
position may make it difficult to attain the
desired pressure, it can supply 100
percent of the rated capacity at 150 psi at
draft.
 There
is a built-in safeguard on many
older pumps that makes it physically
impossible to accomplish manual
transfer while the pump is operating at
high pressures.
 Newer pumps utilize a power-operated
transfer valve that can be activated by
electricity, air pressure, vacuum from the
engine intake manifold, or water
pressure itself.
 Use
special care when operating poweroperated transfer valves. These valves
operate at pressures as high as 200 psi.
 Be familiar with the manual override
device installed on some transfer valves.
These overrides allow the transfer to be
operated should the power equipment
fail.
 The
clapper (check) valves are essential
in a multi-stage pump. When the transfer
valve is operated, the clapper valve
allows water to escape back into the
intake, and it churns through the pump
instead of building up pressure. If the
valves should stick open or closed or get
debris caught, the pump will not operate
properly in the series (pressure) position.
Inspect the valve often to ensure that the
pump can be properly flushed.
 Some
manufacturers have used as many
as four impellers connected in series to
develop pressures up to 1,000 psi for
high-pressure fog fire fighting. Pumpers
that are designed to supply high
pressures must be equipped with fire
hose that is rated and tested for these
pressures.
 When
a pump is supplying multiple
attack lines, any sudden flow change in
one line can cause a pressure surge on
the other.
 Some
type of automatic pressure
regulation is essential to ensure the
safety of personnel operating the
hoselines.
 NFPA
1901 requires some type of
pressure control device to be part of any
fire apparatus pumping system.
 The
device must operate within 3 to 10
seconds after the discharge pressure
rises and must not allow the pressure to
exceed 30 psi.
 Those
that relieve excess pressure on the
discharge side of the pump
 Those
that relieve excess pressure on the
intake side of the pump
 Are
an integral part of all fire pumps that
are not equipped with a pressure
governor
 Are
sensitive to pressure change and
have the ability to relieve excess
pressure within the pump discharge
 Have
adjustable spring-loaded pilot
valve that actuates the relief valve to
bypass water from discharge to intake
chamber of the pump
 Are quick to react to overpressure
conditions, but are somewhat slower to
reset back to “all-closed” positions
 Take a short time for the pump to return
to normal operation

Types
• Spring-controlled pilot valve — A spring-loaded
pilot valve actuates a relief valve to bypass water
from pump discharge to pump intake
• Alternative spring-controlled pilot valve — A
spring-loaded pilot valve compresses, allowing
water to flow through an opening in its housing,
through the bleed line, and into the pump intake,
which forces the churn valve to open and allows
water to flow from the discharge into the intake
 Are
intended to reduce the possibility of
damage to the pump and discharge
hoselines caused by water hammer
 Should
be set to open when the intake
pressure rises more than 10 psi above the
desired operating pressure
 Types
• Supplied by the pump manufacturer and is
an integral part of the pump intake manifold
• Add-on device that is screwed onto the pump
intake connection
 Master
pump intake pressure indicating
device
 Master pump discharge pressure
indicating device
 Weatherproof tachometer
 Pumping engine coolant temperature
indicator
 Pumping engine oil pressure indicator
 Pump overheat indicator
 Voltmeter
 Pump
pressure controls (discharge
valves)
 Pumping engine throttle
 Primer control
 Water tank to pump valve
 Tank fill valve
 Water tank level indicator
 Is
used to determine the water pressure
entering the pump
 Must
be connected to the intake side of
the pump
 Must
be capable of measuring either
positive pressure or a vacuum
 Is
usually calibrated from 0 to 600 psi
positive pressure from 0 to 30 inches of
mercury (vacuum) on the negative side
 Provides
an indication of the residual
pressure when the pump is operating
from a hydrant or is receiving water
through a supply line from another pump
Registers the pressure as it leaves the pump, but
before it reaches the gauges for each individual
discharge line
 Must be calibrated to measure 600 psi unless the
pumper is equipped to supply high-pressure fog
streams, then the gauge may be calibrated up to
1,000 psi
 Must have external connections to allow
installation of calibrated gauges when service tests
are performed

 Records
 Is
the engine speed in rpm
useful as a means of trouble analysis
when difficulty with the pump is
encountered – a gradual increase in the
amount of rpm required to pump the
rated capacity indicates wear in the
pump and a need for repairs
 Shows
the temperature of the coolant in
the engine that powers the fire pump
 May
indicate temperature of the main
vehicle engine or the pump engine
 Shows
that an adequate supply of oil is
being delivered to the critical areas of
the engine that is powering the fire pump
 Indicates
pending problems by showing
any significant deviation from the normal
oil pressure
 Warns
the driver/operator when the
pump overheats
 Provides
a relative indication of battery
condition and alternator output
 Indicate
actual pressure applied to
hoselines
 Must
be connected to the outlet side of
the discharge valve so that the pressure
being reported is the pressure actually
being applied to the hoselines after the
valve
 Allow
pressure in each discharge to be
adjusted down from the overall pump
discharge pressure if necessary
 May
be included on master stream
devices or the lines that supply them;
effective master streams are impossible
to maintain without the proper pressure
 May
be substituted by flowmeter
readouts, but master intake and pressure
gauges are still required
 Is
used to increase or decrease the speed
of the engine that is powering the fire
pump
 Most common is a knob that is turned
one way or another until the desired
rpm/pressure is achieved
 Is also available with automatic throttle
controls
 Is
used to operate the priming device
when the pump is going to be used to
draft from a static water supply
 Indicates
how much water is remaining in
the onboard water tank
 Allows the driver/operator to anticipate
how much longer attack hoselines may
be supplied before an external water
supply source is needed
 Uses a series of lights on the pump
operator’s panel that indicate the amount
of water in the tank by one-quarter levels
 Function
• To control the temperature of coolant in the
apparatus engine during pumping
operations
 While
some water systems supply
sufficient pressure to operate nozzles and
other fire fighting equipment without the
pressure being increased, most fire
situations require the fire department to
increase the available water pressure.
 In
most cases, added pressure is
provided by a fire pump built into a piece
of fire apparatus.
 To
do their jobs properly,
driver/operators must know the
operating theory as well as the
operational capabilities and limitations of
the pumping apparatus within their
departments.
1. Explain how a rotary pump operates.
2. Name the three parts of a centrifugal
pump.
3. Explain how a centrifugal pump
operates.
4. What is changeover?
5. What is the primary function of an
auxiliary cooler?
RESA
Fire Pump Operation
 Answer
questions about making the
pump operational.
 Engage and disengage a midship pump.
 Complete statements about operating
from the water tank.
 Operate from the apparatus water tank.
 Make the transition from the apparatus
water tank to an external water supply.
 Answer
questions about operating from a
pressurized water supply source.
 Operate from a pressurized water source.
 List the preliminary checks that should
be made after making hydrant
connections but before opening the
hydrant.
 Answer questions about putting the
pump in service.
 List
methods for preventing pump
overheating.
 List the steps for shutting down the
hydrant operation.
 Answer questions about operating from a
static water supply source.
 List indications that a pump is cavitating.
 Answer questions about priming the
pump and beginning operation.
 List
common causes of inability to prime
the pump.
 List the categories of problems that can
occur while operating from draft.
 Operate from a static water source.
 Is
also referred to as “putting the pump
into gear”
 Begins
after the apparatus has been
properly positioned and the parking
brake has been set
 After
properly positioning the apparatus
and setting the parking brake, on the
majority of apparatus, the remainder of
the procedure for making the fire pump
operational takes place before the
driver/operator exits the cab.
 Once
the driver/operator exits the cab, in
all cases except when the apparatus is
used for pump-and-roll operations, the
next step should be to chock the
apparatus wheels.

It is recommended
that the apparatus
wheels be chocked
every time the
apparatus is
stopped with the
engine running and
the driver/operator
exits the cab.
 Most
driver/operators operate solely
from the onboard water tank at the vast
majority of incidents.
 In
some circumstances, the fire attack
begins with the water tank and may then
make the transition to an external supply
source.
 The
pump operator must be able to make
the transition from the apparatus tank to
an incoming water supply smoothly, with
no disruption of the fireground operation.
 Two
basic pressurized water supply
sources used to supply a fire pump
• Hydrant
• A supply hose from another fire pump
 Water
enters the pump under pressure.
 As the discharge pressure or volume
from the fire pump increases, the
incoming pressure from the supply
source may drop due to friction loss in
the water system.
 If the discharge pressure is increased too
much, the intake pressure from the
supply source may be reduced below 0
psi.
 Increases
the possibility of damage to the
fire pump due to cavitation
 Can cause damage to the pump and
water system due to water hammer if the
flow is stopped suddenly
 May damage water heaters or other
domestic appliances on a municipal
water supply system
 Can
cause supply hose to collapse,
resulting in interruption of water supply
 Can
damage the pump through cavitation
 Check
that:
• The tank–to-pump valve must be closed if the
intake is not equipped with a shutoff valve
• A dry barrel hydrant must be opened all the
way
 After
the pump is full of water and the
pressure in the system has stabilized with
no water flowing, a reading of the
pressure on the master intake gauge
indicates the static pressure in the water
supply system.
 It
may be desirable for the pump
operator to record or remember the
static pressure before the operation
begins.
 Some
departments use a grease pencil to
mark the static pressure on the intake
gauge.
 Do
not engage the pump drive system
before leaving the cab if there will be an
extended period of time where water is
introduced into the pump.
 On a two-stage pump, set the transfer
valve to the proper position before
increasing the throttle to build discharge
pressure.
 Open discharge valves slowly.
 Pull
some of the booster line off the reel
and securely tie off the nozzle to a solid
object. Open the valve that supplies the
booster reel, and discharge water in a
direction that will not harm people or
damage property.
 Open
a discharge drain valve.
• Designed to discharge water in a manner that will
not harm people or damage property
• May have threaded outlets that allow hose to be
connected and routed to a safe discharge point
• If so, discharge water away from the apparatus so
that it does not become stuck in the mud (or frozen
in ice) that could be created by discharging water
directly beneath it
 Partially
open the tank fill valve or pumpto-tank line.
 Use
a bypass or circulator valve if the
apparatus is so equipped.
1. Gradually slow the engine rpm to idle
to reduce the discharge pressure.
2. Take the pressure control device out of
service if in use.
3. Slowly and smoothly close the
discharge valves.
4. Place the drive transmission in neutral,
and disengage the pump control
device.
 In
most cases, pumpers will be pumping
water from a static water supply that will
be located at a lower level than the fire
pump.
 Because
one drop of water will not stick
to another, it is not possible to pull water
into the pump from a lower level.
 To
pump from a lower level, a pressure
differential (partial vacuum) must be
created by evacuating some of the air
inside the fire pump.
 To
accomplish this, an airtight,
noncollapsible waterway (hard intake
hose) is needed between the pump and
the body of water to be used.
 The
amount of friction loss in the hard
intake hose is dependent upon the
diameter and length of the hose.
 The
total pressure available to overcome
all these pressure losses is limited to the
atmospheric pressure at sea level – 14.7
psi.
 Atmospheric
pressure decreases 0.5 psi
for each 1,000 feet of elevation gain.
 Increasing
the height of the lift decreases
total pump capacity.
 The
maximum amount of vacuum that
most pumps develop is around 22 inches
or mercury. A reading anywhere near this
is a warning that the pump is getting
close to the limit of its ability.
 Is
the condition where water is being
discharged from the pump faster than it
is coming in
 Results if an attempt is made to increase
the discharge from the pump beyond the
point of maximum vacuum on the intake
 Can damage the pump
 Hose
streams will pulsate, and the
pressure gauge on the pump will
fluctuate
 A popping or sputtering may be heard as
the water leaves the nozzle
 The pump will be noisy, sounding like
gravel is passing through it
 A lack of reaction on the pressure gauge
to changes in the setting of the throttle
 The
apparatus may be able to park
directly at the drafting location, or may
have to temporarily park short.
 Once the hard intake hose and strainer
are connected to the apparatus, they can
be put into the desired position and the
apparatus can then ease slowly into the
final drafting spot.
 Before
connecting sections of hard intake
hose, check that the gaskets are in place
and that couplings are free of dirt or
gravel.
 The
strainer and hard intake hose must
be coupled and made airtight.
 It
is usually easiest to connect the hose to
the intake fittings by first putting the
strainer in the water and then pulling the
apparatus into position.
 Improper
positioning of the hard intake
hose can result in the formation of an air
pocket that can prevent effective drafting.
 If
a barrel strainer is used, the rope that
was tied to it can be used to suspend the
strainer above the bottom by tying it to
the pumper or to a tree or other fixed
object.
 If
the bottom slopes away steeply from
the edge, it may be possible to put a
roof ladder in the water and rest the
intake hose on it.
 Starts
the draft operation
 Transfer
valve on two-stage pumps must
be in the PARALLEL (VOLUME) position
 All
 All
drains and valves must be closed
unused openings must be capped to
make the pump airtight before beginning
 On
a positive displacement pump that is
driven by the transfer case, the engine
rpm should be set according to
manufacturer’s instructions.
 Most
priming pumps are intended to
work best between 1,000 and 1,200 rpm.
 When
operating the primer control, the
vacuum reading on the master intake
gauge should read 1 inch for each 1 foot
of lift.
 Priming
should not be stopped until all
air has been removed and primer is
discharging a steady stream of water.
 The
entire action typically requires 10 to
15 seconds, but should not take more
than 30 seconds.
 If
a prime has not been achieved in 30
seconds, stop priming and find out what
the problem is.
 Causes
of inability to prime:
• An air leak that prevents the primer from
•
•
•
•
developing enough vacuum to successfully
draft water
Insufficient fluid in the priming reservoir
Engine speed (rpm) is too slow
Lift is too high
A high point in the hard intake hose is
creating an air pocket
 After
successful priming, slowly increase
throttle before opening any discharges.
The pressure should be between 50 and
100 psi.
 Open
discharge valves slowly while
observing discharge pressure.
• If pressure falls below 50 psi, pause to allow
it to stabilize.
• If pressure continues to drop, momentarily
operate primer to eliminate air in the pump
and restore pressure to original value.
 Constant
movement of water through the
pump prevents overheating and
maintains a vacuum.
 Is
the most demanding type of operation
 Demands
careful monitoring of gauges
associated with the engine as well as
those associated with the pump; any
deviation from normal engine
temperature is a signal that another
pumper should be used
 Air
leak on the intake side of the pump
 Whirlpool
 Air
allowing air to enter the pump
leakage due to defective packing in
the pump
 Slowly
 Take
decrease the engine speed to idle
the pump out of gear
 Allow
the pump to drain
 Operate
the primer until primer oil or
fluid comes out of the discharge from the
priming pump
 Driver/Operators
must:
• Know how to operate fire pumps under a
variety of conditions
• Be able to engage the pump, to make it
operational, and troubleshoot any problems
that may develop.
 Driver/Operators
must:
• Choose the best available water source –
onboard water tank, pressurized source, or
static source – and provide this water to the
pump
• Operate the pump to safely and effectively
supply water to attack lines and support
automatic sprinkler systems and standpipes
in buildings so equipped
1. What are the two basic pressurized
water supply sources used to supply a
fire pump?
2. What are some of the dangers of
operating at a vacuum from a
pressurized water source?
3. What checks should be made after
making hydrant connections but before
opening the hydrant?
4. Name methods for preventing the
pump from overheating.
5. Name the steps for shutting down a
hydrant operation.
6. Name some indications that the pump
is cavitating.
7. Name some common causes of an
inability to prime the pump.
RESA