BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
•
•
: Large scale weather variation.
: Small scale weather variation,
usually measured over shorter time period.
–
• Higher altitude - lower temperature.
–
• Offers contrasting environments.
–
• Ecologically important microclimates.
© Getty Images/Taxis
• Ground Color
– Darker colors absorb more visible light.
• Boulders / Burrows
– Create shaded, cooler environments.
Factor?
Factor?
Factor?
Factor?
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
•
– Darker colors absorb more visible light.
•
– Create shaded, cooler environments.
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
•
– Absorbs heat without changing temperature.
• 1 cal energy to heat 1 cm3 of water 1o C.
– Air - .0003 cal
•
– When 1g H2O evaporates it absorbs 580 cal.
•
– 1 g of water gives off 80 cal as it freezes.
•
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
• Riparian vegetation influences stream
temperature by …
Which
region?
Which
region?
Which
region?
Which
region?
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
• Biomolecular Level
– Most enzymes …
• _____________________cause low reaction rates,
while ________________________________destroy
the shape.
– Baldwin and Hochachka studied the influence of temperature
on performance of acetylcholinesterase in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss).
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Optimal Photosynthetic Temperatures
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
• Photosynthesis

– Extreme temperatures usually __________ rate of
photosynthesis.
• Different plants have _________ optimal temperatures.
• ___________________: Physiological changes in
response to temperature.
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Temperature and Microbial Activity
• Morita studied the effect of temperature on
population growth among ____________
marine bacteria around Antarctica.
– Grew fastest at 4o C.
– Some growth recorded in temperatures as cold as
- 5.5o C.
• Some ___________ microbes have been
found to grow best in temperatures as hot as
110o C.
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Heat Exchange
Pathways
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss
• HS = Hm  Hcd  Hcv  Hr - He
– HS =
– Hm =
– Hcd =
– Hcv =
– Hr =
– He =
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Body Temperature Regulation
•
– Body temperature varies directly with
environmental temperature.
•
– Rely mainly on external energy sources.
•
– Rely heavily on metabolic energy.
•
– Maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Temperature Regulation by Plants
• Desert Plants: Must __________ heat storage.
– Hs = Hcd  Hcv  Hr
– To avoid heating, plants have (3) options:
•
•
•
– What about He & Hm?
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Temperature Regulation
by Plants
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
• Arctic and Alpine Plants
– Two main options to stay warm:
•
•
• Tropic Alpine Plants
– Rosette plants generally retain
dead leaves, which insulate and
protect the stem from freezing.
• ____________increases
leaf temperature.
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals
• Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus)
– Metabolizable energy intake maximized at 33ºC
– Preferred temperature ______________ the
temperature at which metabolizable energy intake
is maximized
• Grasshoppers
– Some species can adjust for
_______ heating by varying
intensity of pigmentation
during development.
http://miriadna.com/foto/560
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Thermal Neutral Zones
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Temperature Regulation by
Endothermic Animals
• Swimming Muscles of Large Marine Fish &
Mammals
– Lateral swimming muscles of many fish (Mackerel,
Sharks, Tuna) are well supplied with blood vessels
that function as __________________________.
•
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Countercurrent Heat
Exchange
What heat
transfer type
is important
here?
What heat
transfer type is
important here?
What heat
transfer type
is important
here?
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Pop Quiz!
Describe the “thermy” of this animal…
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
• Warming Insect Flight Muscles
– Bumblebees maintain temperature of thorax …
– Sphinx moths (Manduca sexta) …
• Thermoregulates by …
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Moth Circulation and
Thermoregulation
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Temperature Regulation by Thermogenic Plants
• Almost all plants are …
– Plants in family Araceae use ______________ to
heat flowers.
– Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) stores
large quantities of starch in large root, and then
translocate it to the inflorescence …
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Eastern Skunk Cabbage
Snow
melts why?
?
?
Snow melts
why?
?
?
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat
Surviving Extreme Temperatures
•
– Seek shelter during extreme periods.
•
– Hummingbirds enter a state of torpor when food is
scarce and night temps are extreme.
–
- Winter
–
– Summer
– Wood frogs…
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRx_cl826Mo)
BIOL 3240 Plant and Animal Ecology – Heat