Name:_________________________
Cells

What are cells?
o
The ____________ of life.


o
Some organisms are made up of a ___________________ (Ex. Bacteria and Archaea)
o
Others are made up of trillions of cells. (________________________)
Size of cells
o
The largest cell in the human body is the __________, or egg cell.

o
o
Roughly 1 mm in diameter and just visible to the naked eye
The smallest cell in the human body is the _______________.

60 micrometers (0.002 inches) in length, and not visible to the naked eye
The longest cells in the human body is the ______ (nerve cell), which can be over a meter long.


The smallest things that can carry out __________________.
Links the brain to other parts of the body.
So, how do we see cells?
o
Microscope

Anton van _________________

o
Developed a simple microscope in the 1600s
Several types of modern microscope


_____________________________________

Uses _________ and _____________ to magnify images

These are the ones we’ll be using
Electron microscopes

SEM, TEM, and STM
o

Read about these in your book.
Magnification
o
The power of magnification is the product of the magnifications of the individual lenses

o
_________________________________
An eyepiece with magnification of 10x and an objective lens with magnification of 40x would equal

___________________________ magnification

1. Ocular Lens (__________________)
o
This is what you look through to see the image.


It contains a lens (usually 10x magnification)
2. _______________
o
Structural piece

o
Holds the parts of the microscope in the proper places.
THE ARM IS _______________________

Never carry the microscope by the arm alone.

One hand around the arm, the other hand underneath the base to support it.
o

3. ___________________
o
This is the flat portion where you put the slide.


Microscopes are very expensive. Use care when transporting it.
A hole in the stage allows light to pass through the slide
4. _________________________
o
Moves the _______________ up and down.

Doing so brings the object into focus.

o
Move it until the image becomes visible. It will still be a bit blurry.
Note about the Course Focus: Using the course focus to try to get a better image could result in the
stage moving the slide up into the objective. This could crack the slide and/or objective lens, and could
be a VERY expensive mistake.

5. _______________________
o
Makes ______ adjustments to the stage.



6. _____________
o
Bottom of the microscope.
o
Structural and support.
o
Remember, one hand underneath the base and the other holding the arm.
7. ____________________________
o
A light bulb


Sends light through the slide.
8. _________________
o

Once you have found the image, use the __________________to make it clear.
Allows you to adjust the mount of light that come through.
9. ________________________
o
Little metal pieces that hold the slide in place.

Make sure that the slide is under the clips.


10. ____________________
o

Each is a different lens that magnifies the image.

Most microscopes have several of these ranging from 4x to 200x

Begin on the lowest objective to find the image, then increase to zoom it in.
11. Rotating __________________________
o
Holds the ______________


Twist to change magnification.
12. ________________
o

You do not want the slide moving after you have just found the image
Holds eyepiece
The cell theory
o
Developed with the contributions from 4 scientists (guaranteed matching question!)

Robert Hooke

Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann

Rudolf Virchow

Robert _________
o
1600 English scientist
o
Looked through a microscope at _______ (dead oak bark)

Noticed small compartments



Matthias _____________
o
1800s German Botanist (studied plants)
o
Observed that all of the ________ he saw were __________________
Theodor _______________
o
1800s German physiologist (studied how body works)
o
Interesting facts:
o


Coined the term “metabolism”

Important cells in the nervous system are named after him (Schwann cells-protect neurons)

Discovered pepsin-the enzyme that breaks down food in the stomach
Through his work, he determined that all _____________________________
Rudolf Virchow
o
1800s German doctor
o
Interesting facts:
o

Called these compartments “_________”

First to recognize leukemia cells

Credited in a lot of early cancer research

First person to determine that disease can pass from other animals to humans and vice versa.
Used his research to determine that _________________________________
Types of Cells
o
Some cells have small, specialized structures called ____________________.

o
Each has a specific function for the cell.

Organelle=little organ

Similar to the organs in your body, each of which does some job to keep you
functioning, organelles work together to keep the cell functioning.
__ main types of cells

Differentiated by ______________________________.

___________________ Cells
o
The _________ of the 2 cell types
o
Lack _____________

o
Most ___________ organisms are prokaryotic


Bacteria, Archaea
_____________________ Cells
o
Much more _____________
o
Contain membrane-bound ________________

o
o

Prokaryotic means “Before nucleus”
Eukaryotic=“True nucleus”
Most of the organisms you are familiar with

Plants, animals, fungi

Mostly multicellular, though some are unicellular
The _______________ controls the cell and contains ___________
The Plasma Membrane
o
Flexible _________________________________________________
o
Jobs: Provides _____________, allows _______________________________ the cell

Key in ________________-process of keeping proper internal conditions

o
___________________________- Membrane allows some materials to enter, while keeping others out.


Cell needs nutrients. These are acquired as they pass through the membrane.
Similar to a screen on a window (lets air in, prevents birds, insects, etc.)
o
Some materials, such as water, enter and exit freely.
o
Other particles can only enter and exit at certain times.
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
o
_________________ _________________

Phospholipids are large molecules of fatty acids

o
2 parts
o
________ head-attracted to water (also a polar molecule)
o
Nonpolar tail
The head is __________________ (attracted to water)
o
The tail is _____________________ (avoids water)

This causes the heads and tails to ____________ in a certain way

o
Water exists outside the cell and inside the cell
________________ ____________ Model

Fluid=The cell membrane is fluid, meaning it is ____________________

Mosaic=The membrane has a “_______________”

____________ are embedded in the membrane
o


Proteins do several jobs, including ___________ and _____________
Proteins in the Plasma membrane

_______________ proteins- move needed materials into and out of the cell

Some proteins help cells to ________________________________ and each other.

Others in the inner membrane help give the cell support by _______________________
Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Eukaryotic Cells have many different parts
o

Structures

Organelles
Each portion does something for the cell.
Cellular boundaries
o
o


______________ _________________

Job: _____________ and selectively __________________________________.

Found in: ________________
_____________________________-rigid structure outside the plasma membrane

Job: additional __________________________________

Found in: ____________, fungi, some protists, and many prokaryotic cells
Cellular Control
o
_________________-control center of the cell


Job: Central in ______________________, controls the ___________ of organelles

Found in: __________________________
The nucleus contains the __________________________________________

__________________-strands of DNA
o

Nucleus also contains an organelle called the ______________________



Forms ________________________
Makes __________________ (to be discussed soon)
____________________
o
Jelly-like _________ within the cell.
o
___________ of the nucleus
o
Suspends the organelles
o
Found in ____________________
Assembly
o
_____________________________________

Job: Site of _________________________

Found in: ________________________

2 types:

___________________
o

_____________________
o
o
Similar to Smooth E.R., but studded with _______________
Ribosomes

Job: __________________

Found in: most ______________ cells, and some prokaryotic cells


Many biochemical reactions, including production and storage of lipids
Can be _____________ in the cytoplasm, or __________________________
Sorting and Packaging
o
o
_________________________

Job: _________________. ______ them and ________ them into organelles called _______.

Found in: ____________________________
_______________

Job: ________________________

Found in: _________________________

Storage and recycling
o
o
___________________

Job: _______________ of materials, including food, water, enzymes

Found in: Most ________________ cells and some prokaryotic cells


Plant cells typically have one large one, _________________________________
Job: ___________________________ in a cell, including

food particles,

invaders such as viruses and bacteria

worn out or broken down cell parts
Found in ____________________________
Energy
o
o

Large one called ____________________ found in plant cells for storage of water.
______________________



_______________________

Job: Convert _____________________________ that can be used

Found in: ___________ cells and some unicellular organisms

Contain a pigment called _______________, which traps light energy
__________________________

Job: _____________________________________

Found in: _________________________________
Support
o
_________________________

Job: Gives cell ___________, ____________ cell, allows some cells to ____________.

Found in: ________________________________

Cytoskeleton is made up of 2 main parts:

_______________________-thin, hollow cylinders made up of protein

____________________- smaller, solid protein fibers
o

_________________

Job: _____________________

Found in: ________________________

Made up of ____________________
Locomotion
o
_____________ and _______________

Some cells, especially _______________ organisms, are capable of ______________

They use cilia and flagella to move around their liquid environment


Cilia-_____________________________
o
Used similar to ______________
o
Cells typically have many of these
__________-longer whip-like projections
o
Used like a ________ on a boat.
o
Cells typically have only 1 or 2