World War Looms
Chapter 16
Nationalism Grips Europe and
Asia
• Treaty of Versailles – Germans nothing fair.
• New democratic governments failed, turned to
authoritarian leaders
• Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union
– Communist
– S.U. – great industrial nation
– “Great Purge”
– Totalitarian – complete control
over his people
• Benito Mussolini – Italy
– Totalitarian
– Fascism – stressed nationalism and
placed interest of state above self
• Adolf Hitler – Germany
– Mein Kampf
– Nazism – extreme form of nationalism
– “Purification”
• Japan – militarists – need for more space,
attacked Manchuria
– Pulled Japan out of League of Nations
• Hitler – Germany out of League, began
military buildup
– Rhineland
• Mussolini – Ethiopia
• League – ineffective boycott
• Spain – Francisco Franco
– Civil War
• Hitler and Mussolini – Franco, U.S. – Spain
• Franco victory – Totalitarian government
established
• America – isolationism
• Nye committee – business and banks got us
involved in WWI, U.S. determined to avoid
war
• Good Neighbor Policy – withdrew forces in
Latin America
• Lowered trade barriers
• Neutrality Acts – outlawed arms sales to
nations at war
• FDR – “Quarantine Speech” – isolate
aggressor nations to stop the spread of war
War In Europe
• Hitler – need more space, target Austria and
Czechoslovakia
• Union with Austria
• Hitler took Sudetenland – Czech – sent
troops to border
• Munich Agreement – Hitler could have
Sudetenland in exchange for his word to not
take anymore territory
– Took rest of Czech
German Offensive Begins
• Soviet Union – non-aggression pact, split
Poland
• Blitzkrieg – surprise and crush
• September 3, 1939 – Britain and France
declare war on Germany
• S.U. – attacked Poland from
east
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Sitzkrieg – sitting war
Hitler – continues to annex
Italy joins on side of Germany
Both invade France. June 22, 1940 France
falls
• Britain attacked next – Battle of Britain
– Luftwaffe – fought over skies of Britain
– Germans turned back
Holocaust
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Systematic murder of 11 million
Jew target – Nuremberg Laws
Kristallnacht
Genocide
Final Solution – Aryans a superior race, needs to
be preserved
• Ghettos, Concentration camps
• Mass Extermination
America Moves Toward War
• “Cash-and-Carry” – warring nations can
buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and
transported them in their own ships.
– Provide British with “all aid short of war”
• “Destroyers for Bases” – 50 old WWI
destroyers for leases on British military
bases
• Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, and Japan
– Two-front war!!
• Increase spending for national defense
• Selective Training and Service Act – first
peacetime draft
– 16 million men between ages of 21-35
registered
• Roosevelt runs for third term – Election of
1940 – re-elected with 55% of votes.
“The Great Arsenal of
Democracy”
• Lend-Lease Act – U.S. would lend or lease
any supplies to “any country whose defense
was vital to the U.S.”
• Hitler – invades S.U.(non-aggression
pact??), supplies sent by U.S.
German Wolf Packs
• German Wolf Packs – to stop lend/lease
supplies
– 350,000 tons of shipments/month
• Began using Convoy System again – sonar
and airplanes equipped with radar
FDR Plans for War
• Atlantic Charter – war aims
- NOT a declaration of war!
• Allies – nations that fought
the Axis – 26 nations
• Shoot on Sight –
German Subs
Pearl Harbor
• Japanese – Manchuria, wanted to unite East Asia,
launched an invasion of China, Indochina
(Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos). U.S. – trade
embargo on Japan. Included OIL
• Japan ready to strike the U.S.
• December 7, 1941 - “A date which will live in
infamy
– 180 Japanese warplanes
– 2,403 killed, 1,178 wounded
– 21 ships sunk or damaged
Dec. 8 –war declared on
Japan
Dec. 11 – Germany and Italy
declared war on U.S.
The United States in World War
II
Chapter 17
Section 1 Mobilizing for Defense
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5
10
George Marshall
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps
Automobile
Tanks, planes, boats,
command cars
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Henry Kaiser – 7 new shipyards
Hull 440 – ship made in 4 days
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Office of Scientific Research and
Development
Locate subs under water
Fight insects – free from body lice
Saved lives on/off battlefield
German refugee – atomic bomb secret
Research on creating the atomic bomb
Manhatten
Project
The Federal Government
Takes Control
• Office of Price Administration
• War Production Board
• Established fixed allotments of
goods necessary for the military
• Personal contribution to the war effort
Your Ration Deadline
War Ration Clippings
SUGAR: Stamp No. 30 in Ration Book 4 valid for five pounds indefinitely. Stamp
No. 40 good for five pounds for home canning.
MEATS, FATS (butter, cheese, cooking fats, canned meats and fish and
evaporated milk included): Red stamps A8, B8, C8, D8, E8 and F8 in Book 4
good through May 20. Stamps G8, H8 and J8 valid from Sunday through June
18.
USED FATS: Two meat points given for one pound waste fat.
PROCESSED FOODS (canned and frozen vegetables, fruits, jams and jellies,
soups, etc.): Blue stamps A8, B8, C8, D8 and E8 in Book 4 good through May 20.
Stamps F8, G8, H8, J8 and K8 valid from April 1 through June 20.
GASOLINE: All A coupons valed at three gallons. Coupons 9-A valid through May
8. B2, C2, B3, C3 and T coupons worth five gallons.
FUEL OIL: All coupons good for 10 gallons. Period 4 and 5 coupons valid through
Sept. 30. (As of March 20, consumers should not have used more than 82 per
cent of yearly ration, according to OPA weekly index.)
SHOES: Stamp No. 18 in Book 1 and airplane stamp in Book 3 each good for one
pair. Stampe No. 18 expires April 30; airplane stamp No. 1 good indefinitely.
Another stamp (undesignated as yet) will become valid for one pair May 1.
Families may pool coupons, but loose stamps not valid except for mail orders.
[Tuesday, March 21, 1944]
Section Two – The War for
Europe and North Africa
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Germany
Italy
East coast
Food and war materials
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681
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Convoys
Destroyers
Sonar
Airplanes
Radar
At same time we were building many ships –
140 each month, launchings outnumbered
sinkings
The Eastern Front and the
Mediterranean
• Stalingrad – major industrial
city
• Bombing raids
• 9/10
• Fresh tanks
• Massive counter-attack
• Move west toward Germany
Soviets lost
1,100,000 soldiers
in the Battle of
Stalingrad
The North African
Front
• Operation Torch
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
Rommel in Africa
The Italian Campaign
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Unconditional surrender
Italy
Sicily
German troops moved in to Italy,
heavy fighting begins – did not
want to fight on German soil
Heroes in Combat
• 99th Pursuit Squadron fought Germans in
Italy
• 92nd Infantry Division
The Allies Liberate Europe
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Normandy
June 5 – D Day
Omar Bradley – massive air/land
bombardment – gap in German line
• George Patton – led army to Seine River,
liberated France
Young German soldiers, waving
white handkerchiefs, surrender to the
Americans at St. Lô.
(Photo credit: U.S. National Archives)
German POWs are led through
the streets of Paris.
• 4th
• Harry S. Truman
Battle of the Bulge
• Aachen
• Created a bulge in the line
– Battle of the Bulge
• Killed them all
• Battle went on for a month – Germans
pushed back. Germans lost 120,000 men,
600 tanks, 1,600 planes and could not
replace!
Liberation of the Death Camps
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Eastward
Westward
800,000 shoes
Murder
Jewish children in the Lodz Ghetto on
their way toward transports that will
take them to Chelmno Death Camp.
Crematory ovens at
Majdanek with piles of
human ashes still in front,
as seen after liberation
In December 2005, the Majdanek
Museum announced that Lublin scholar
Tomasz Kranz has established that the
Nazis murdered 78,000 people at the
Majdanek concentration camp.
These shoes belonged once to babies, women, men, children,
human beings
Unconditional Surrender
• Soviet army stormed Berlin, German
soldiers deserted
• Married Eva Braun
• Jews for starting the war, Generals for
losing
• Died in bunker
• Unconditional surrender
• V-E Day – Victory in Europe
Section 3 The War in the Pacific
• Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya,
Burma, Thailand, much of China
• Command of Allied forces in the
Philippines
• 16
• Australia
• Airplanes
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Hawaii
Code – knew Midway would be next target
Commander of naval forces in the Pacific
American’s avenged Pearl Harbor, Turning
point in the Pacific – began island-hoping
and gaining territory
Naval planes in the Battle of Midway.
Photo: US NAVY
Allies go on the Offensive
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Suicide plan attacks
Philippines
Iwo Jima
Bombers
Japan
6,000
30
5,000
7,600
110,000
Cost would be a million lives
Major General James Doolittle’s raid
on Tokyo. Yokosuka Japan Naval base
taken from B-25, April 18, 1942
No front lines on Iwo. Marines
were above ground and the
Japanese below in
underground caves. Marines
rarely saw an alive Japanese
soldier, yet the Japanese could
see the Marines perfectly, from
the heights. Grenades and
flame-throwers were required
to oust Japanese from caves.
Atomic Bombs
• Truman ordered military to make final plans
for dropping bombs
• Warned Japan they would face prompt and
utter destruction unless surrender
• 200,000
• Formal surrender ceremonies on Missouri
Target
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Tokyo Fire Raid
Average of 93
Attacks on Cities
Dead/Missing
70,000-80,000
35,000-40,000
83,000
1,850
Wounded
70,000
40,000
102,000
1,830
Population Density
35,000 per sq mile
65,000 per sq mile
130,000 per sq mile
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Total Casualties
140,000-150,000
75,000-80,000
185,000
3,680
Area Destroyed
4.7 sq mile
1.8 sq mile
15.8 sq mile
1.8 sq mile
Attacking Platform
1 B-29
1 B-29
334 B-29s
B-29s
Weapon(s)
'Tall Boy' 15 kT (15,000 tons of TNT)
'Fat Man' 21 kT (21,000 tons of TNT)
1,667 tons
1,129 tons
Rebuilding Begins
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Germany – 4 zones
Nuremberg War Trials
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24
To death
Sent to prison
Individual responsibility
Section 4 The Home Front
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1.2 %
35 %
50 %
Tripled
Defense Industry towns – tripled
African Americans left south in record
numbers
• GI Bill – provided education/training for
veterans, paid for by the government
• CORE – congress of racial equality –
confront urban segregation
• Sit-Ins
• Internment – confinement
• Removal of people of Japanese ancestry
from CA, WA, OR, AZ
• “relocation centers”
• Nisei
The camp at Topaz, Utah
During World War II, Japanese
Americans were targeted by many
for abuse and hatred. Chinese
Americans began labling themselves
for protection. Photo Credit:
University of Southern California