By
Alex Vo
and
Adnan Abbuthalha
What’s a cell?
•
All living things are broken
down into tiny little dots called
“cells”. These dots are so small
you can’t even see them.
• Yet, they are the what you need
to survive on Earth.
• Cells hold all of your biological
needs in order to keep you a
living thing.
• If you don’t have them, then you
might as well disappear into thin
air.
What does it do?
• The purpose of cell is to
create life and maintain it.
• Each cell has a different
function that helps our body
develop healthily.
• These tiny things make up our
whole entire body from
scratch and makes us into a
walking, running thinking
machine (not really).
Bacteria Cells make
up the bread and
mushrooms you eat
The Diversity of Cells
Cells come in all sorts and
sizes. They perform many
types of jobs in order to keep
YOU alive.
Red Blood Cell carry
blood through your body
White Blood Cell fight
bad bacteria that can
get you sick.
Muscle Cell produces
energy so that you can
run and have fun
Organization of a Cell
• Most cells are
classified as a
prokaryotic cell or a
eukaryotic cell.
Prokaryotic Cells and
Eukaryotic Cells
• A prokaryotic cell is
different from a
eukaryotic cell
because of the fact
that it has no nucleus.
It’s like a dumb cell
with no brain. But,
besides the nucleus,
everything else is the
same as a eukaryotic
cell..
Plant or Animal Cells?
•
For a prokaryotic cell,
there’s always going to
be a cell wall, yet for a
eukaryotic cell, it’s
different.
• Eukaryotic cells are
divided into plants and
animal cells. The
difference is the fact
that plant cells have a
cell wall and an animal
cell does not.
• And obviously plant
cells make up plants
and animal cells make
animals and humans.
The Cell Structure
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Cell membrane
Centriole
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cytoskeleton
Microtubule
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Microfilaments
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Please click on a
button in the picture
Plastids
ONLY IN THE PICTURE
OR ELSE YOU’LL
MESS THINGS UP:
Works Cited
Nucleus
Nuclear
Envelope
Cell
Wall
What energizes cells?
The Mitochondria
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They are the batteries of a cell and
keeps it constantly running. ( think
energizer bunny)
1-1000 mitochondria can exist in a cell
depending on how hard its job is
It’s job is to gathers energy, kind of
like your stomach, which takes in
nutrients, breaks them down, and
change them into energy that the cell
can use (ATP).
The way this all occurs is Cellular
Respiration.
How does cellular respiration work?
•Cellular respiration is the way
that food is broken down into ATP
(energy) with oxygen.
How does cellular respiration work?
That’s the glucose
First, the glucose( sugar from
the food that you ate) is
brought through the outer
membrane into the inner
membrane
How does cellular respiration work?
Next, it enters the matrix where it’s like a
river full of water and enzyme( proteins
that causes chemical reactions). From
there, oxygen from the water is added
and at the same time the enzymes are
beginning to mix the glucose and oxygen
together. This whole process is called
Krebs Cycle( because it was found by
some guy named Hans Krebs)
How does cellular respiration work?
ATP
Finally, it ends its journey at the end
and exit the inner membrane and
after that, the outer membrane. This
time it’s not just any type of energy….
It’s ATP!
What Cleans up a cell?
•
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A lysosome is another worker
in the cell that has many
enzymes which helps digest
nutrients and other materials.
It can digest things like lipids,
carbs, and proteins which
mostly come from the food that
you eat.
A lysosome also helps in
removing debris and dead
materials in a cell, kind of like a
vacuum.
This all occurs with
autophagy.
What’s autophagy
Here are the steps:
•
First a membrane from the endoplasmic reticulum surrounds
the unwanted material isolating it from the outside which
prevents decomposing from spreading and infection. It’s like a
gas chamber which keeps everything in.
•
Then, the lysosome comes in and attaches itself to the
membrane. It forms a passage from itself to the organelle( big
word for something in a cell). This passage is called an
autophagic vacuole.
•
Finally the lysosome sends it’s deadly enzymes through the
autophagic vacuole and destroys the organelle.
Cell Wall
•
•
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A cell wall in only found
in prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic plant cells
It’s made of strong
fibers, made from
carbohydrates (carbs.)
and proteins, and
woven together to be
called cellulose
The purpose of a cell
wall is to protect the
cell from injuries and
intruding materials that
can harm the cell.
Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are found on
the rough endoplasmic
reticulum and are floating
in the cytoplasm.
• Proteins are made here
with special coded
instructions from the
nucleus, which makes all
of them unique.
How do ribosomes make protein?
• To make proteins, the two
parts of a ribosome must
connect with RNA (Ribonucleic
Acid) from the nucleus. The
RNA are lined with amino
acids.
• These amino acids get
stripped off with the
instructions from the RNA.
• From there the proteins are
created with the given info
from the RNA.
• It’s basically like a protein
factory and the RNAs are the
messangers from the nucleus.
Cell/Plasma membrane
• The cell membrane is the
thin, double layer of
lipids( oils and fats from
things that you ate)
surrounding a cell.
• A cell membrane protects
and helps support a cell
while also allowing
interaction with the
outside.
Passage through the Cell Membrane
• The cell membrane allows
sodium, potassium, calcium,
and a few other things to enter
and exit the cell.
• One method of passing
through the cell membrane is
active transport. In this,
particles move from areas of
low concentration to areas of
high concentration. Active
transportation does require
energy.
• Another way to put it is like
moving from a less crowded
room to a more crowded room.
Diffusion and Osmosis
• Another method of transportation is
called diffusion. In diffusion,
molecules move from areas of high
concentration to areas of low
concentration. This makes sense
since particles in general usually
move to where there is more
space.
• The diffusion of water is given the
special term “osmosis”.
• It’s like moving from a crowded area
to an area that isn’t densely
populated.
Vacuoles
These are some cholesterol
vacuoles. The central is the
cholesterol. The green material
surrounding it is the vacuole.
• It’s a single membrane surrounding the liquid or solid
object
• There’s nothing special about a vacuole, it’s just a
sac that can hold many different types of materials.
• There are many types of vacuoles in a cell.
• In a plant cell, there’s a central vacuole that’s used to
store water, which is important for the plant to
survive.
The Importance of a Central Vacuole in a
Plant Cell
• The central vacuoles stores salts, minerals, nutrients,
proteins, and pigments (material that gives plants it’s
certain colors).
• All of these things in the vacuole are important especially
the water, to the plant cell because it’s basically what
keeps it from dying.
Centrioles
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Cells do not give birth or
reproduce, instead they
divide in a way called
mitosis.
Centrioles are things that
help the cell to split up, kind
of like forming a clone.
These cell parts are found
in pairs and perpendicular,
which means they form a
90 degrees angle.
They’re surrounded by
groups of three
microtubules.
Centrioles are mostly found
in animal cells and not that
often in plant cells.
What Do Centrioles Do in Mitosis?
• First, the pair of cetrioles make a
copy of itself, so there’s 4 now.
• As the cells begin to split, each
pair runs to the opposite ends of
the cells.
• Their microtubules shoot out and
connect to each other forming a
watermelon shape.
• This formation will allow the
chromosomes to divide into two
groups evenly and be able to put
them into orders once the cell
splits.
Plastids
• Plastids are only found in plant
cells or other things that use
photosynthesis (the way of
gaining energy with the sun)
• They’re found in the all around
the cytoplasm( jelly like material
surrounding a plant cell, after the
cell wall).
• A plastid’s job is to store
molecules, which can vary
depending on the type of plastid .
• There are many types of plastids
in a plant cell.
• 3 types of plastids are
chloroplast, chromoplast, and
leucoplast.
Chloroplasts
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Plants make their own food with
these.
Chloroplasts are the areas where
sunlight is gathered and turned into
sugar for the plant to use. The
process has to do with
photosynthesis.
The stroma is the area where
chemical reactions take place and
sugar is created.
The thylakoid holds chlorophylls
that gather the sun’s energy before
being changed into sugar.
One thylakoid stack is called a
granum.
The stroma lamellae is like the
skeleton of chloroplasts that keeps
it all together.
Photosynthesis in the Chloroplasts
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First, the plant should’ve already
absorbed water and carbon
dioxide from the air around it.
Next,the chlorophylls in thylakoids
absorb in the sun’s energy and
sends that energy to the stroma.
The stroma begins the mixing of
water and carbon dioxide.
Finally glucose ( sugar) is formed.
Oxygen is also created. That’s
why people think it’s bad cutting
down trees, because it’s lowering
the amount of oxygen in the air.
It’s the opposite of how the
mitochiondria works since the
mitochondria breaks down food to
create gluclose and chloroplasts
build up to make glucose.
Chromoplast
•
•
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It’s another plastid that holds a
plants pigments (material that
makes a plant’s color, mostly
leaves).
It hold many pigments, yet does
not hold any chlorophylls.
Colors are mostly red, yellow,
and orange.
Color will vary depending on how
much sun is able to be taken in.
The amount of sunlight depends
on the seasons of the year, or
how far the planted area is from
the sun.
Leucoplast
•
Leucoplasts are nonpigmented plastids that are
used in plants for storage
There are three types:
•
Amyloplasts - colorless plant
organelle related to starch
production & storage
•
Aleuroplasts - colorless plant
organelle related to protein
production & storage
•
Elaioplasts - colorless plant
organelle related to oil & lipid
production & storage
Amyloplasts
Ealioplasts
Aleuroplasts
The Nucleus
• The nucleus is pretty
much the HQ of the cell.
It controls cell processes
by controlling the proteins
made. The instructions
for making every protein
in the cell is found in DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is
another nucleic acid that
is connected with cell
processes.
The Nuclear Envelope
• The nucleus envelope
is the membrane that
surrounds the
nucleus.
• The small openings
allow materials, like
RNA and proteins, to
pass through the
nuclear membrane.
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• It’s several connected
membranes
• The Rough ER makes
proteins that are used in the
cell membrane and also
outside the cell membrane
• It is called “rough” because of
the ribosomes that are on its
surface. These ribsomes
send amino acid chains to
the rough ER.
• After the rough ER finishes
making the proteins, it sends
the proteins to the Golgi
apparatus or cell membrane
in vesicles, or tiny bubble
transporters
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• It’s several connected
membranes
• The smooth ER has a
more tubular structure
than the rough ER.
• The job of the smooth
ER is to make and
store lipids (ex.steroids), and fatty
acids.
The Golgi Apparatus
• The Golgi apparatus is a
stack of membranes that
get proteins from the ER
and change them.
• The Golgi Apparatus
changes simple
molecules into more
complex ones and also
alters proteins.
• It also assures that
proteins don’t have flaws
or unneeded materials.
The Job of A Golgi
Apparatus.
• Another task of the Golgi
apparatus is to make
lysosomes (small enzymyefilled organelles that break
down carbohydrates, lipids,
and proteins)
• In plants, the Golgi
apparatus can make
complex sugars.
• After the molecules inside
the Golgi apparatus are
ready for shipping, a vesicle
is formed and sent out of
the cell through the cell
membrane.
Cytoskeleton
• Some cells have a
cytoskeleton that helps
the cell keep its shape.
• The cytoskeleton also
helps with cell
movement.
• The two essential
structures in a
cytoskeleton are
microfilaments and
microtubules.
More of the
Cytoskeleton
• The cytoskeleton is
connected to every
part of the cell
membrane and every
organelle.
• Motor proteins that
attach to organelles
move them along
microfilaments and
microtubules almost
like a train carrying
cargo over tracks.
Microfilaments
• Microfilaments are
composed of a long, thin
protein called actin.
• In muscle cells, actin and
myosin (which are called
actomysoin when
together), help contract
and relax the muscle cell
(which in turn helps
muscles to relax or
contract)
• The pushing and pulling of
microfilaments in the cell
membrane help the cell
move.
Microtubules
• Microtubules are thick, round,
proteins called tubulin.
• They are important in cell
division by attaching to
chromosomes and helping
them split.
• Microtubules can combine to
form flagella (which aid in cell
movement) and cilia (which
help single-celled organisms
move around)
• They both help the cell move
quickly in water.
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All of our materials were rewritten
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