Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Taxation Without Representation
Section 2: Building Colonial Unity
Section 3: A Call to Arms
Section 4: Moving Toward Independence
Visual Summary
Taxation Without Representation
Essential Question Following the French and
Indian War, how did the British government
anger the American colonists?
Building Colonial Unity
Essential Question How did the colonists
react to British policies?
Call to Arms
Essential Question What brought about the
clash between American colonists and British
soldiers at Lexington and Concord?
Moving Toward Independence
Essential Question Why did the American
colonies choose to declare independence?
Following the French and Indian War,
how did the British government
anger the American colonists?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• revenue
• writs of assistance
• resolution
• effigy
• boycott
• nonimportation
• repeal
Academic Vocabulary
• prohibit
• violate
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Stamp Act
• Patrick Henry
• Samuel Adams
What do you typically do when you
feel you are being treated unfairly?
A. Just accept it and
say nothing
0%
B
0%
A
C. Angrily confront the
person treating you unfairly
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
C
B. Calmly present your
grievances to the person
treating you unfairly
Relations With Britain
After the French and Indian War,
Great Britain passed laws to protect
British interests in the colonies.
Relations With Britain (cont.)
• After the French and Indian War, the British
faced the challenge of protecting their
interests in the colonies and new territory
they now controlled.
• With the Proclamation of 1763, the British
government set up new provinces and
prohibited colonists from moving west of
the Appalachian Mountains.
The Proclamation of 1763
Relations With Britain (cont.)
• Britain needed new revenue to pay troop
expenses, so they issued new taxes on the
colonies and began to enforce existing taxes
more strictly.
• Parliament authorized writs of assistance,
which allowed customs officers to enter any
location to search for smuggled goods.
Pounds and Shillings
Relations With Britain (cont.)
• Parliament also passed the Sugar Act, which
lowered the tax on imported molasses but
also let officers seize goods from smugglers
without going to court.
• The colonists believed these British actions
violated their rights as English citizens.
What was the purpose of the Sugar Act?
A. To raise taxes on imported
molasses
B. To lower taxes on imported
molasses
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D
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
A
D. To encourage trade with
countries that sold sugar
B
C. To prohibit trade with countries
that sold sugar
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
New Taxes
As the British government passed
new tax laws, resistance by the
colonists grew.
New Taxes (cont.)
• In 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act,
which placed a tax on almost all printed
material. The colonists opposed this new
law.
– Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia
assembly to pass a resolution declaring it
had the exclusive right to tax citizens.
– Samuel Adams helped start an
organization called the Sons of Liberty to
protest the Stamp Act.
New Taxes (cont.)
– Protesters burned effigies representing
tax collectors and destroyed houses
belonging to royal officials.
– In colonial cities, merchants were urged to
boycott British and European goods in
protest, and thousands of merchants
signed nonimportation agreements.
New Taxes (cont.)
• Parliament eventually repealed the Stamp
Act but then passed the Declaratory Act,
which stated that Parliament had the right to
tax and make decisions for the British
colonies in all cases.
• In 1767 Parliament passed a set of laws,
known as the Townshend Acts, which taxed
imported goods.
Which law stated that Parliament had the
right to tax and make decisions for the
British colonies “in all cases”?
A. Proclamation of 1763
0%
D
0%
A
D. Townshend Acts
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Declaratory Act
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Stamp Act
How did the colonists react to British
policies?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• propaganda
• committee of correspondence
Academic Vocabulary
• occupy
• encounter
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Crispus Attucks
• Boston Massacre
• Tea Act
• Boston Tea Party
• George III
• Coercive Acts
How would you most likely respond
to taunting?
A. Ignore it
B. Cry
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Respond violently
B
C. Respond verbally
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Trouble in Boston
A violent clash between
townspeople and British soldiers in
Boston intensified anti-British feeling
in the colonies.
Trouble in Boston (cont.)
• Many colonists were angry that the British
had passed laws that violated colonial rights
and sent an army to occupy colonial cities.
• An encounter between Bostonians and
British soldiers, who killed five colonists
including Crispus Attucks, became known
as the Boston Massacre.
• Colonial leaders used the killings as
propaganda.
Trouble in Boston (cont.)
• Aware of the opposition to its policies,
Parliament repealed all the Townshend Acts
taxes except the one on tea.
• Some colonial leaders continued to call for
resistance to British rule and revived the
Boston committee of correspondence.
Who revived the committee of
correspondence?
A. Paul Revere
B. Crispus Attucks
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. King George III
B
C. Samuel Adams
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
A Crisis Over Tea
New British laws restricting colonial
rights further enraged the colonists.
A Crisis Over Tea (cont.)
• To save the British East India Company,
Parliament passed the Tea Act.
• A group of men disguised as Mohawks
boarded the British ships at midnight and
threw 342 chests of tea overboard in an
event that became known as the
Boston Tea Party.
The Boston Tea Party
A Crisis Over Tea (cont.)
• King George III passed the Coercive Acts,
which:
– Closed Boston Harbor until the
Massachusetts colonists paid for the
ruined tea.
– Banned certain rights, such as the right to
town meetings.
– Forced Bostonians to shelter British
soldiers in their homes.
A Crisis Over Tea (cont.)
• The colonists called the new laws the
Intolerable Acts.
What did the colonists call the new
laws passed by the British
government?
A. The Intolerable Acts
0%
D
0%
A
D. The Coercive Acts
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. The Boston Massacre
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. The Revolutionary Acts
What brought about the clash
between American colonists and
British soldiers at Lexington and
Concord?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• militia
• Loyalist
• minutemen
• Patriot
Academic Vocabulary
• approach
• volunteer
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Continental Congress
• John Adams
• John Jay
• Richard Henry Lee
• George Washington
• Paul Revere
Have you ever disagreed with a policy
enacted by the government?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
The Continental Congress
Colonial leaders met in Philadelphia
to discuss their opposition to British
policy.
The Continental Congress (cont.)
• In 1774, delegates from all the colonies
except Georgia met to establish a political
body to represent American interests and
challenge British control.
• Delegates to this Continental Congress
included:
– John Adams
– John Jay
– Richard Henry Lee
The Continental Congress (cont.)
– Patrick Henry
– George Washington
• The delegates drafted a statement of
grievances calling for the repeal of 13 acts of
Parliament.
• They also called upon the people to form
militias—groups of citizen soldiers.
Militias in the Colonies
The purpose of the Continental
Congress was to accomplish which
of the following tasks?
A. Support British rule
0%
D
0%
A
D. Establish a new boycott
A
B
C
0%
D
C
C. Challenge British control
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. Explore a new continent
The First Battles
America’s fight for independence
began when British troops clashed
with minutemen at Lexington and
Concord.
The First Battles (cont.)
• Some colonial soldiers, known as
minutemen, boasted they would be ready to
fight on a minute’s notice.
• Upon hearing that British troops were
marching out of Boston, Paul Revere and
William Dawes rode to Lexington to warn
Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
The Battles of Lexington and Concord, 1775
The First Battles (cont.)
• At dawn the redcoats approached
Lexington and fought the minutemen. The
battle for independence had begun.
The Battles of Lexington and Concord, 1775
Where did the first battles of the
Revolution take place?
A. Boston and New York
B. Washington and Philadelphia
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Lexington and Concord
B
C. Suffolk and Charlestown
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
More Military Action
As colonial militias formed and the
fighting continued, American
loyalties were split.
More Military Action (cont.)
• After Lexington and Concord, the
committees of correspondence sent out calls
for volunteers to join the militias.
• Although the British won the Battle of Bunker
Hill, they learned that defeating the
Americans on the battlefield would not be
quick or easy.
More Military Action (cont.)
• The American Revolution was also a civil
war among the colonists.
– Those who remained loyal to Great Britain
were called Loyalists.
– Those who supported the war for
independence were called Patriots.
Which of the following shows the correct
chronology?
A. Bunker Hill, Lexington,
Ft. Ticonderoga
B. Concord, Yorktown,
Lexington
0%
D
0%
C
B
A
A. A
B. 0%B
0%
C. Yorktown, Lexington,
C. C
Concord
D. Lexington, Ft. Ticonderoga, BunkerD.
HillD
Why did the American colonies
choose to declare independence?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• petition
• preamble
Academic Vocabulary
• debate
• status
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Second Continental Congress
• Continental Army
• Olive Branch Petition
• Thomas Paine
• Common Sense
• Declaration of Independence
Rate your agreement with the
following statement:
The media influences your opinion
about important issues.
D. Strongly disagree
A
0%
0%
D
C. Somewhat disagree
A
B
C
0%
D
C
B. Somewhat agree
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A. Strongly agree
Colonial Leaders Emerge
When the Second Continental
Congress met for the first time,
many leaders were not yet ready to
call for independence.
Colonial Leaders Emerge (cont.)
• When the Second Continental Congress
assembled in 1775, many delegates were
not yet prepared to break away from Great
Britain.
• The Second Continental Congress:
– Authorized the printing of money.
– Set up a post office run by Benjamin
Franklin.
Colonial Leaders Emerge (cont.)
– Established committees to communicate
with Native Americans and with other
countries.
– Created the Continental Army
commanded by George Washington.
– Sent a petition to King George III called
the Olive Branch Petition.
Colonial Leaders Emerge (cont.)
• In January 1776, Thomas Paine published a
pamphlet called Common Sense, which
called for complete independence from
Britain.
Who published a very influential
pamphlet called Common Sense?
A. Thomas Paine
B. George Washington
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Patrick Henry
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Samuel Adams
The Colonies Declare Independence
The Declaration of Independence
announced the birth of a new
nation, committing Americans to a
struggle for independence.
The Colonies Declare Independence
(cont.)
• After much debate, the Second Continental
Congress chose a committee to draft a
Declaration of Independence, which was
approved on July 4, 1776.
• The Declaration has four major sections:
– A preamble or introduction
– A list of rights the colonists believed they
should have
The Colonies Declare Independence
(cont.)
– A list of complaints against Britain
– A proclamation of their status as a new
nation
Who wrote the Declaration of
Independence?
A. Thomas Paine
B. George Washington
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. Patrick Henry
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. Thomas Jefferson
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revenue
incoming money
resolution
a formal expression of opinion
boycott
to refuse to buy items from a
particular country; to refuse to use in
order to show disapproval or force
acceptance of one’s terms
repeal
to cancel an act or law
writ of assistance
legal document that enabled officers
to search homes and warehouses for
goods that might be smuggled
effigy
rag figure representing an unpopular
individual
nonimportation
the act of not importing or using
certain goods
prohibit
stop; disallow
violate
disturb or disregard
propaganda
ideas or information designed and
spread to influence opinion
committee of correspondence
an organization that spread political
ideas through the colonies
occupy
to control
encounter
to come upon; meet
militia
a group of civilians trained to fight in
emergencies
minutemen
companies of civilian soldiers who
boasted that they were ready to fight
on a minute’s notice
Loyalists
American colonists who remained
loyal to Britain and opposed the war
for independence
Patriot
American colonist who favored
American independence
approach
move toward
volunteer
willingly step forward
petition
a formal request
preamble
the introduction to a formal document,
especially the Constitution
debate
discussion by opposing points of view
status
rank or position
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