CHAPTER 21:
THE FURNACE OF CIVIL WAR
“MILITARY PICNIC” AKA
BATTLE OF BULL RUN
MANASSAS CREEK, VA.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A night out on the town!
First official battle
Both sides completely unorganized
South wins and goes home! Union buckle down for the long
haul.
Realities of war sets in quickly
TARDY GEORGE
• Too cautious
• Had the “slows” according
to Pres. Lincoln
• Loss at the Seven Day Battle
a good thing; a quick and
early win may have left
slavery in existing states
• Lincoln replaces McClellan
with Gen. Pope
Gen. McClellan
WINFIELD SCOTT’S ANACONDA PLAN
TOTAL WAR
THE WAR AT SEA
• Blockade used by Union
• Blockade running profitable
for southerners
• Smuggling munitions from GB
via Bahamas and Canada
• Union finally able to stop
much of the smuggling
• Controlled Port Orleans and
Charleston
• Seize British ships with war goods =
“ultimate destination”
• Merrimack helps south
destroy union wooden
warships; Monitor finally stops
the Merrimack
Merrimack
Monitor
THE BRITISH STEAMER AND UNION BLOCKAGE RUNNER, DEE IN THE
HARBOR AT HAMILTON, BERMUDA, IN 1863.
SECOND BULL RUN
SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN
BATTLE AT ANTIETAM, MD
(9/1862)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Deadliest battle yet; >26,000
casualties over two days
McClellan returns and saves
Washington D.C from Lee
Lee plans found in dropped
cigars!
McClellan removed again
for good for not pursuing
Lee.
British and French no longer
willing to support the
Confederacy
Lincoln realizes slavery must
end once and for all =
Emancipation Proclamation
Jan. 1, 1863
CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS @
ANTIETAM
SEPT 1862
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
1. slaves considered
contraband - only in the
seceding states!
2. Perceived as a war to
free slaves - Upset both
North and South
3. South now unwilling to
compromise
4. North has “morality” on
their side?
5. EP precedes the 13th
amendment
6. Many in south do not
leave; many others do.
BLACKS AND THE C.W.
1.
Allowed to fight in North
after EP
a. Proven capable =
Respected; 22
congressional medals of
honor
b. Still discriminated against
c. soldiers captured and/or
killed in south; Fort Pillow,
TN incident
d. Most Black Union soldiers
from the south; 10%
e. Fought for south only
one month; farm and
labor for CSA
Massachusetts 54th Regiment
THE TURNING POINT
Next, Port Vicksburg and Hudson fall
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS:
“REMAKING AMERICA”
We are no longer a
collection of states but a
single nation
THE WESTERN FRONT
GRANT AND SHERMAN’S
TOTAL WAR
SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA
SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA (9/’64)
1. Goal:
to physically and
psychologically
destroy the South
2. Total War
Anything that can be
used by southern
military is to be
destroyed; includes
slaves
3. Slaves in North
a.
b.
c.
Put them to work
Enlist
Educate them
SHERMAN’S 40 ACRES AND A MULE
1. Special Field Order 15
2. Pres Johnson revokes
agreement
WARTIME POLITICS
1. Copperheads – N. Dem.
who were against the war
2. Radical Republicans – wanted
to punish the South for causing
war
(Il)
Rep.Thaddeus Stevens
Sen. Charles Sumner (Ma)
ELECTION 1864!
National Unity Party:
Chooses Democrat Andrew
Johnson to show solidarity
for the Union amongst both
Northerners and
Southerners.
TOLL OF WAR: IMPROVED
TECHNOLOGY = HIGH CASUALTIES
WOMEN AND THE C.W.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Both sides unprepared
Some felt job was
inappropriate; around
strange men
By the end, respectable
job for women
Took care of the farms
Clara Burton =
American Red Cross
LEE SURRENDERS TO GRANT
AT APPOMATTOX MARCH 1865
JOHN WILKES BOOTH
April 14, 1865 shoots Lincoln in the head 5 days after Lee surrendered