-Nice neat notes that are legible and use
indentations when appropriate.
-Example of indent.
-Skip a line between topics
-Don’t skip pages
-Make visuals clear and well drawn. Please label.
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

New Area of Focus: The Digestive System
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• What did you have for breakfast today?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Humans are chemical factories, we need raw
materials to produce new cells, repair
damaged parts, and produce energy.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• High quality energy in
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• High quality energy in – heat released –
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• High quality energy in – heat released –
lower quality energy out.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Nutrients: The usable portions of food.

Nutrients: The usable portions of food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Nutrients: The usable portions of food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Nutrients: The usable portions of food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Nutrients: The usable portions of food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Nutrients: The usable portions of food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Nutrients: The usable portions of food.
“Uggghhh.”
“Rough Lunch.”
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Nutrients: The usable portions of food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
– Fats
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
– Fats
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
– Fats
– Vitamins
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
– Fats
– Vitamins
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
– Fats
– Vitamins
– Minerals
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
– Fats
– Vitamins
– Minerals
• Nutrients include
– Proteins
– Carbohydrates
– Fats
– Vitamins
– Minerals
– Water
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Protein: Growth, Repair, Reproduction of
Cells (structure of your body), produces
enzymes, hormones, antibodies.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Protein: Growth, Repair, Reproduction of
Cells (structure of your body), produces
enzymes, hormones, antibodies.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Protein: Growth, Repair, Reproduction of
Cells (structure of your body), produces
enzymes, hormones, antibodies.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Carbohydrates: Energy molecule and
contains fiber.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Carbohydrates: Energy molecule and
contains fiber.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Carbohydrates: Energy molecule and
contains fiber.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Fats / Lipids: High Energy source.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Fats / Lipids: High Energy source.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Fats / Lipids: High Energy source.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Vitamins: Prevents diseases, regulates
body processes, and needed for chemical
reactions.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Vitamins: Prevents diseases, regulates
body processes, and needed for chemical
reactions.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Vitamins: Prevents diseases, regulates
body processes, and needed for chemical
reactions.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Minerals: Needed for bones and teeth,
blood and other tissues.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Minerals: Needed for bones and teeth,
blood and other tissues.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Minerals: Needed for bones and teeth,
blood and other tissues.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Water: To dissolve substances in blood,
tissue fluid, biochemical reactions.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Water: To dissolve substances in blood,
tissue fluid, biochemical reactions.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Water: To dissolve substances in blood,
tissue fluid, biochemical reactions.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Calorie: Amount of energy that can be
obtained from nutrients.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• You’ve just completely bonked due to a
lack of energy.
– Which of the items below will give you a quick
burst of energy, and which will give you longer
lasting energy.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• You’ve just completely bonked due to a
lack of energy.
– Which of the items below will give you a quick
burst of energy, and which will give you longer
lasting energy.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• You’ve just completely bonked due to a
lack of energy.
– Which of the items below will give you a quick
burst of energy, and which will give you longer
lasting energy.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• You’ve just completely bonked due to a
lack of energy.
– Which of the items below will give you a quick
burst of energy, and which will give you longer
lasting energy.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• You’ve just completely bonked due to a
lack of energy.
– Which of the items below will give you a quick
burst of energy, and which will give you longer
lasting energy.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Digestion: The process of breaking food
down into nutrients.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Saliva helps to moisten your food and
contains a chemical to begin the process of
digestion.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Saliva helps to moisten your food and
contains a chemical to begin the process of
digestion.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Saliva helps to moisten your food and
contains a chemical to begin the process of
digestion.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Chemical Digestion: Process of converting
food into chemical substances that can be
absorbed and used.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Starting off the digestion process.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Starting off the digestion process.
• Students with food allergies should not
participate.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Starting off the digestion process.
• Students with food allergies should not
participate.
– Teacher to pass everyone a piece of bread.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Starting off the digestion process.
• Students with food allergies should not
participate.
– Teacher to pass everyone a piece of bread.
– Students place bread in mouth (Record taste
immediately in journal)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Starting off the digestion process.
• Students with food allergies should not
participate.
– Teacher to pass everyone a piece of bread.
– Students place bread in mouth (Record taste
immediately in journal)
– Students allow salvia to moisten bread in
mouth and then begin chewing. (Record taste
in journal after chewing)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• What happened?
• How did the taste change? Why?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Answer: Bread is a complex carbohydrate
(starch).
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Answer: Bread is a complex carbohydrate
(starch). The ptyalin in your saliva along
with your chewing broke the large sugar
molecules into smaller (more sweet) sugar
molecules.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Besides the chemical enzymes, what else
did you use to break down the piece of
bread?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Mechanical Digestion: Physically breaking
down the food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Mechanical Digestion: Physically breaking
down the food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Mechanical Digestion: Physically breaking
down the food.
orm
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Mechanical Digestion: Physically breaking
down the food.
orm
ollows
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Mechanical Digestion: Physically breaking
down the food.
orm
ollows
unction
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Mechanical Digestion: Physically breaking
down the food.
orm
ollows
unction
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Mechanical Digestion: Physically breaking
down the food.
orm
ollows
unction
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The Digestive System uses a combination
of mechanical and chemical means to
break down food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Bolus: A mass of food that has been
chewed to the point of swallowing
• Where are we now?

Pharynx: Part of the throat situated
immediately behind the mouth and nasal
cavity.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• What is this?
• What is this?
• Epiglottis: A flap of cartilage at the root of the
tongue, which is depressed during swallowing
to cover the opening of the windpipe
• Epiglottis: A flap of cartilage at the root of the
tongue, which is depressed during swallowing
to cover the opening of the windpipe
• Epiglottis: A flap of cartilage at the root of the
tongue, which is depressed during swallowing
to cover the opening of the windpipe
• When you swallow (reflex), your muscles
(tongue) move food into your throat and
cause your epiglottis to close.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• When you swallow (reflex), your muscles
(tongue) move food into your throat and
cause your epiglottis to close.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• When you swallow (reflex), your muscles
(tongue) move food into your throat and
cause your epiglottis to close.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• When you swallow (reflex), your muscles
(tongue) move food into your throat and
cause your epiglottis to close.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• When you swallow (reflex), your muscles
(tongue) move food into your throat and
cause your epiglottis to close.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• When you swallow (reflex), your muscles
(tongue) move food into your throat and
cause your epiglottis to close.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Esophagus: The tube that carries food from
the mouth to the stomach. (Smooth Muscle)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The esophagus is covered with a slimy
mucous that aids movement.
– (12 seconds to travel to stomach)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Peristalsis: Waves of rhythmic muscular
contractions that push / move food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Peristalsis: Waves of rhythmic muscular
contractions that push / move food.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Video! Peristalsis in the antrum (Lower
part of stomach).
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o18UycWR
saA
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Video! Choking and the Heimlich Maneuver
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEIiEAn7b-U

Stomach: A saclike part of the alimentary
canal in which food is stored.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Stomach: A saclike part of the alimentary
canal in which food is stored.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Stomach: A saclike part of the alimentary
canal in which food is stored.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The stomach churns the food (mechanical)
while the gastric juices break down the
food chemically. (Smooth Muscle)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Heartburn / upset stomach is that acid
making its way up the esophagus.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Heartburn / upset stomach is that acid
making its way up the esophagus.
– Antacid tablets help to neutralize the acid with
a base.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The Pyloric valve is a strong ring of
smooth muscle that lets food pass from
the stomach to the duodenum.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does gum stay in your stomach
if you swallow it?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does gum stay in your stomach
if you swallow it?
– A.) Your entire life?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does gum stay in your stomach
if you swallow it?
– A.) Your entire life?
– B.) 7 years
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does gum stay in your stomach
if you swallow it?
– A.) Your entire life?
– B.) 7 years
– C.) 7 months
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does gum stay in your stomach
if you swallow it?
– A.) Your entire life?
– B.) 7 years
– C.) 7 months
– D.) A few hours
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does gum stay in your stomach
if you swallow it?
– A.) Your entire life?
– B.) 7 years
– C.) 7 months
– D.) A few hours
– E.) It digests immediately
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does gum stay in your stomach
if you swallow it?
– A.) Your entire life?
– B.) 7 years
– C.) 7 months
– D.) A few hours
– E.) It digests immediately
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does gum stay in your stomach
if you swallow it?
– A.) Your entire life?
– B.) 7 years
– C.) 7 months
– D.) A few hours
– E.) It digests immediately
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Gum, like most materials, passes through your
stomach and into your intestine.
• Gum, like most materials, passes through your
stomach and into your intestine.
• Some parts of the gum are digested (sugars) while
the rest comes out the other end (resins).
• From the stomach to the anus is known as
the Gastrointestinal Tract or GI Tract.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• From the stomach to the anus is known as
the Gastrointestinal Tract or GI Tract.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Step by step drawing of the
Digestive System.
“Can we label some
parts already?”
• Video Link Review with some upcoming sneak
peeks.
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsTwabX4ggI
Why not add
the juices here?
If the chemical enzymes
were added at the end of
the GI tract the food would
not be broken down and
absorption of nutrients
would be difficult.
Why not add
the juices here?

Duodenum: The beginning of the small
intestine.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Small Intestine: Major organ for food
absorption.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Small Intestine: Major organ for food
absorption.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Small Intestine: Major organ for food
absorption.
Very Long
15 ft / 4.5 m
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Pancreas: Organ that aids in digestion by
producing pancreatic juices that enter
small intestine.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Pancreas: Organ that aids in digestion by
producing pancreatic juices that enter
small intestine.
– Also aids in producing hormones.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Pancreas: Organ that aids in digestion by
producing pancreatic juices that enter
small intestine.
– Also aids in producing hormones.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The Liver and Gall Bladder are organs that
aid in the digestion process.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The Liver and Gall Bladder are organs that
aid in the digestion process.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The Liver and Gall Bladder are organs that
aid in the digestion process.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Liver: Large, heavy, vital organ that
produces bile that breaks down fats.
 Also
detoxifies chemicals
 Synthesizes proteins
 Stores Glycogen (energy)
 Decomposes red blood cells
 Hormone production
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Liver: Large, heavy, vital organ that
produces bile that breaks down fats.
– Also detoxifies chemicals
– Synthesizes proteins
– Stores Glycogen (energy)
– Decomposes red blood cells
– Hormone production
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Liver: Large, heavy, vital organ that
produces bile that breaks down fats.
– Also detoxifies chemicals
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Gall Bladder: A small pear-shaped organ
that stores and concentrates bile from the
liver.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Gall Bladder: A small pear-shaped organ
that stores and concentrates bile from the
liver.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Gall Bladder: A small pear-shaped organ
that stores and concentrates bile from the
liver.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Liver
Intestine
Gall Bladder
Liver
Intestine
Gall Bladder
Liver
Intestine
Gall Bladder
Liver
Intestine
Gall Bladder
Liver
Intestine
Gall Bladder
Liver
Intestine
Gall Bladder
Liver
Intestine
Gall Bladder
• How long does it normally take for the
nutrients in your food to be absorbed in
the intestine?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does it normally take for the
nutrients in your food to be absorbed in
the intestine?
– A.) 5 days
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does it normally take for the
nutrients in your food to be absorbed in
the intestine?
– A.) 5 days
– B.) 5 hours
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does it normally take for the
nutrients in your food to be absorbed in
the intestine?
– A.) 5 days
– B.) 5 hours
– C.) 5 minutes
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does it normally take for the
nutrients in your food to be absorbed in
the intestine?
– A.) 5 days
– B.) 5 hours
– C.) 5 minutes
– D.) 5 seconds
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does it normally take for the
nutrients in your food to be absorbed in
the intestine?
– A.) 5 days
– B.) 5 hours
– C.) 5 minutes
– D.) 5 seconds
– E.) Nobody Knows
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does it normally take for the
nutrients in your food to be absorbed in
the intestine?
– A.) 5 days
– B.) 5 hours
– C.) 5 minutes
– D.) 5 seconds
– E.) Nobody Knows
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• How long does it normally take for the
nutrients in your food to be absorbed in
the intestine?
– A.) 5 days
– B.) 5 hours
– C.) 5 minutes
– D.) 5 seconds
– E.) Nobody Knows
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The appendix is a small pouch that extends
off the large intestine.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The appendix is a small pouch that extends
off the large intestine.
– Plays a role in preventing infection.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The appendix is a small pouch that extends
off the large intestine.
– Plays a role in preventing infection.
– Can rupture causing Appendicitis.
• Appendix needs to be removed quickly.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Undigested food then passes through the
large intestine.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Undigested food then passes through the
large intestine.
– The large intestine is much thicker than the
small intestine but much shorter.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Undigested food then passes through the
large intestine.
– The large intestine is much thicker than the
small intestine but much shorter.
Cecum marks the beginning of the
large intestine and is basically a big
pouch that receives waste material
from the small intestine.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Large Intestine: Water is absorbed, bacteria
in the intestine also make important
vitamins.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Large Intestine: Water is absorbed, bacteria
in the intestine also make important
vitamins.
and it actually looks like…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Large Intestine: Water is absorbed, bacteria
in the intestine also make important
vitamins.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Let’s talk about gas.
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfuyaMYapkY
• Let’s talk about gas.
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfuyaMYapkY

Rectum: Short tube at the end of the large
intestine that stores waste.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Rectum: Short tube at the end of the large
intestine that stores waste.
– Anus: Opening at the end of the rectum.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Rectum: Short tube at the end of the large
intestine that stores waste.
– Anus: Opening at the end of the rectum.
What it actually
looks like…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Rectum: Short tube at the end of the large
intestine that stores waste.
– Anus: Opening at the end of the rectum.
What it actually
looks like…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity Sheet! Creating your anatomy
resource book. GI Tract / Digestive System
– Please label all of the following. Use…
– http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap2/systems/tutori
al.html
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Review Opportunity before Activity.
(Optional) Virtual tour of Digestive System.
– http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp
Review of lesson / learn more about the digestive system at…
http://www.guam.net/pub/sshs/depart/science/mancuso/apbiolecture/3
2_DigestionNut/DigestionNutrition.htm
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
• Please write a detailed paragraph.
– What happens to your food when you eat
something?
• Questions to Simulation?
– Your paragraph should include…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chemical digestion
Mechanical digestion
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Large Intestine (Water)
Rectum
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The digestive system begins in the mouth where
food is broken down mechanically and
chemically. The food passes through the
pharynx and is moved down the esophagus to
the stomach. Acid and movement break the
food down further. Chemicals are produced and
then released in the liver, gall bladder, and
pancreas to the small intestine. Food is broken
up further in the intestine and nutrients are
absorbed. Water is absorbed in the large
intestine and vitamins made. The waste is
collects in the rectum until disposal.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The digestive system begins in the mouth where
food is broken down mechanically and
chemically. The food passes through the
pharynx and is moved down the esophagus to
the stomach. Acid and movement break the
food down further. Chemicals are produced and
then released in the liver, gall bladder, and
pancreas to the small intestine. Food is broken
up further in the intestine and nutrients are
absorbed. Water is absorbed in the large
intestine and vitamins made. The waste is
collects in the rectum until disposal.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The digestive system begins in the mouth where
food is broken down mechanically and
chemically. The food passes through the
pharynx and is moved down the esophagus to
the stomach. Acid and movement break the
food down further. Chemicals are produced and
then released in the liver, gall bladder, and
pancreas to the small intestine. Food is broken
up further in the intestine and nutrients are
absorbed. Water is absorbed in the large
intestine and vitamins made. The waste is
collects in the rectum until disposal.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The digestive system begins in the mouth where
food is broken down mechanically and
chemically. The food passes through the
pharynx and is moved down the esophagus to
the stomach. Acid and movement break the
food down further. Chemicals are produced and
then released in the liver, gall bladder, and
pancreas to the small intestine. Food is broken
up further in the intestine and nutrients are
absorbed. Water is absorbed in the large
intestine and vitamins made. The waste is
collects in the rectum until disposal.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The digestive system begins in the mouth where
food is broken down mechanically and
chemically. The food passes through the
pharynx and is moved down the esophagus to
the stomach. Acid and movement break the
food down further. Chemicals are produced and
then released in the liver, gall bladder, and
pancreas to the small intestine. Food is broken
up further in the intestine and nutrients are
absorbed. Water is absorbed in the large
intestine and vitamins made. The waste is
collects in the rectum until disposal.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The digestive system begins in the mouth where
food is broken down mechanically and
chemically. The food passes through the
pharynx and is moved down the esophagus to
the stomach. Acid and movement break the
food down further. Chemicals are produced and
then released in the liver, gall bladder, and
pancreas to the small intestine. Food is broken
up further in the intestine and nutrients are
absorbed. Water is absorbed in the large
intestine and vitamins made. The waste is
collected and compacted in the rectum until…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy