Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• ‘Imperialism’ is empire building
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• ‘Imperialism’ is empire building
• Global European Imperialism started in the
C15th under the Portuguese, Dutch and
Spanish
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• ‘Imperialism’ is empire building
• Global European Imperialism started in the
C15th under the Portuguese, Dutch and
Spanish
These were:
• Centralised Nation-States
• Technologically & Militarily advanced
• Able to avoid major conflict with strong nations
around them
• Sea faring nations with ease of access to trade
routes
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• By the C.19th Industrialisation was the main
advantage of the Europeans over their rivals
Industrialisation lets you:
• Make massive profits
• Make cheap goods quickly
• Create new technologies
• Educate the masses
• Employ your population
productively
• Massively grow your
population
• Outpace your rivals
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• By the C.19th Industrialisation was the main
advantage of the Europeans over their rivals
• The British (who were the most industrialised)
became the greatest colonial power.
No
sunset
for me..
Queen Victoria
(r.1837-1901)
-whom our own colony was
named after..
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• A close second were the French
• Both were worried about the Russians and
other rivals
One is not
amused by
Ruskies..
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• ‘The Great Game’ (1813-1907): British & Russian
rivalry over control of Central Asia
Russian encroachment onto Afghan territory
makes the British concerned that Russia will
launch an attack on India, the ‘Jewel in the
British crown’..
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• ‘The Great Game’ (1813-1907): British & Russian
rivalry over control of Central Asia
1838: British attempt to secure region in First AngloAfghan War was a disaster as local mobs in Kabul riot
and kill Europeans in the streets. The British were
soon forced to retreat and were massacred by
tribesmen as they fled to India.
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• ‘The Great Game’ (1813-1907): British & Russian
rivalry over control of Central Asia
Subsequently Russia was able to seize provinces of
Northern Afghanistan and increase its hold on the region.
The British, after winning the Second Anglo-Afghan war in
1880, agreed to recognise Russian control of these areas in
exchange for running Afghanistan’s foreign policy. They
remained suspicious of each other however..
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• ‘The Great Game’ (1813-1907): British & Russian
rivalry over control of Central Asia
The caption of the cartoon reads: "If we hadn't a
thorough understanding, I (British lion) might almost
be tempted to ask what you (Russian bear) are doing
there with our little playfellow (Persian cat).“
By 1880s The ‘Great Game’ had shifted focus towards
Tibet, China and Korea
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Crimean (1853-1856): British, French &
Ottomans vs Russians (Stalemate)
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Crimean (1853-1856): British, French &
Ottomans vs Russians (Stalemate)
Key Outcomes:
Technology (machine gun & artillery) dominant over cavalry
and force of numbers.
First European experience of trench-warfare.
Everyone took notes on how a modern war might be run.
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871
Decisive Prussian victory (France shamed, gave up Alsace-Lorraine)
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871
Decisive Prussian victory (France shamed, gave up Alsace-Lorraine)
Key Outcomes:
More modern weapons (pin-loading rifles) and smaller
more professional army decisive advantages for Germans.
Led to an increase in militarism and mistrust on the
European continent.
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871
Decisive Prussian victory (France shamed, gave up Alsace-Lorraine)
Key Outcomes:
More modern weapons and smaller more professional army
decisive advantages for Germans.
Led to an increase in militarism.
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Italo-Ethopian Wars (1895-1896)
Italy vs Ethiopians & Russians (Ethiopian victory)
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Italo-Ethopian Wars (1895-1896)
Italy vs Ethiopians & Russians (Ethiopian victory)
Key Outcomes:
Complicated supply lines and harsh climate crippled Italian
forces.
First defeat of a white colonial Empire by free African people.
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
•
•
Notable Imperial conflicts:
Boer War (1899-1902)
Britain & Colonies vs Africaaner Dutch & German (British victory)
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
•
•
Notable Imperial conflicts:
Boer War (1899-1902)
Britain & Colonies vs Africaaner Dutch & German (British victory)
Key Outcomes:
Well armed, guerilla tactics and knowledge of terrain
caused great loss of life to attacking British.
British secured victory through use of colonial troops used
to climate conditions (Australians, Canadians, Indians and
Nepalese).
First use of concentration camps.
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Boer War (1899-1902)
Britain & Colonies vs Africaaner (British victory)
Key Outcomes:
British secured victory through use of colonial troops used
to climate conditions (Australians, Canadians, Indians and
Nepalese).
First use of concentration camps.
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1906)
Russia vs Japan (with British ships) (Jap. victory)
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
Russia vs Japan (with British ships) (Jap. victory)
Key Outcomes:
Superior range and calibre of heavy guns decisive in Japanese
victories on sea. Contributes to Naval Arms race.
First defeat of a European power by an Oriental nation.
Following victory, dominance of region by Japan- Emergence of
Japan as an expansive Imperialist nation.
‘Yellow Peril’ fear in Australia
Uprisings and discontent weaken Tsarist Russia
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Russo-Japanese War (1906)
Russia vs Japan (with British ships) (Jap. victory)
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Russo-Japanese War (1906)
Russia vs Japan (with British ships) (Jap. victory)
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• Notable Imperial conflicts:
• Russo-Japanese War (1906)
Russia vs Japan (with British ships) (Jap. victory)
Imperialism C.19th-C.20th
Asia, 1900CE
Britain
France
Germany
Ottoman
Russia
Japan
China
USA
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
• In the 1860s Germany and Italy became
independent, unified nations and quickly started
to create industrial empires and acquire colonies
•
Imperialism
in the late C.19th & early C.20th
While the British initially saw the Germans under
Bismarck as a buffer against the French and Russians, by
1900 the Prussian-led Germans had overtaken the
majority of their rivals.
Imperialism C.19th-C.20th
Europe, 1900CE
Britain
France
Germany
Ottomans
Belgium
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Imperialism C.19th-C.20th
Africa, 1900CE
Imperialism C.19th-C.20th
Asia, 1900CE
Britain
France
Germany
Ottoman
Russia
Japan
China
USA