Physical Science
Chapter 19 Notes
Marlin
Name ______________________________
Elements are placed on the periodic table in a pattern that shows a progressive change in properties.
Such as the way they start as metals, then gain nonmetal properties. We will look at this transition.
Section 1: Metals

Found on the left side of the stair-step line.

Have common properties:

When bonding metals will give up valence electrons. This allows them to become
____ charged.

When metals lose electrons to form bonds with nonmetals, they form
___________________. This is because metals and nonmetals form ions in order to
bond.

Metals and nonmetals become more chemically stable when they form ions.

Metals can also form __________________________. This is where metallic ions
are surrounded by a cloud of electrons called the _______________. Electrons are
highly mobile in the sea of electrons and will move freely to carry electricity.
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
The sea of electrons is responsible for the properties of metals.
Metal Groups on the Periodic Table
 Group 1: ______________________________
 These are soft metals that still have all metal properties.
 Most reactive metals on the periodic table.
 They will not be found in nature in their elemental state because they are so reactive.
 This group has _____ valence electron. It will become ____ charged when forming an
ion.
 Group 1 metals are used in many things; such as medicine.
 Group 2 : _______________________________
 These metals have ______ valence electrons. They become _____ when forming an
ion.
 Group 2 metals are used in the making of fireworks because when brined they produce
bright colors. Group 2 metals such as Mg are used to make lightweight, yet durable
constructive metals for spacecraft, airplanes, medicine, or household ladders.
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Mg (brilliant white) and Sr (bright red)

 Groups 3-12: ______________________________
 These elements are familiar in nature in their elemental states. They form colored
compounds.
 There are iron triads from the transition metals that are used to make stronger metals
that are used in industry.

 Inner Transitions: 4f _____________________ 5f _________________
 Some of the Lanthanide series and all of the Actinide series are radioactive elements
that are unstable.
 The Earth’s core contains many metals, such as gold, copper, and platinum. An ore is
the metal that has to be separated from the mineral. Usually a process called roasting is
used to separate the valuable metal from the ore.
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Section 2: Nonmetals

There are several nonmetals that are essential to life. Remember CHOPKINS CaFe


Nonmetals are elements that are usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature.

Nonmetals have the opposite properties of metals:

Nonmetals are located to the right of the stair-step elements.
 Group 18: ________________________
 This is the only periodic group that is completely nonmetal gases.
 These elements can exist as isolated atoms.
 They are stable because their outermost valence shell is full with ____ electrons.
 No naturally occurring noble gas compounds are known. Compounds with Xe and Rn
can be made in laboratory settings with fluorine.
 Group 17: _________________________
 All are nonmetals, except At, Astitine.
 These are the most reactive nonmetal group on the periodic table.
 Fluorine is the most reactive element on the periodic table. It has the greatest pull of
electrons. It will bond with anything that will lose or share electrons with it.
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 These elements will gain ____ electrons and be a _____ charge.
 When group 17 forms ionic compounds they are called salts.
 When bonding nonmetals attract electrons. They can form ionic bonds with another
metal or covalent bonds with another nonmetal.
Nonmetal
Nonmetal

 When nonmetals attract or gain electrons they become ____ charged.
 Electrons will be transferred for ionic bonds but shared for covalent bonds.
 Certain elements will form diatomic molecules. These are types of covalent bonds that
will bond with each other.
 These elements are HON17:
Section 3: Mixed Groups

Metalloids share usual characteristics. They are located between the metals and
nonmetals which means that they share characteristics of both types of elements.

Metalloids can form both ionic and covalent bonds.
 Group 13: Boron Group
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 These elements are common. Boron (borax or antiseptic), Al (most abundant metal on
Earth)
 These elements have ______ valence electrons. The metals are a ____ charge.
 Group 14: Carbon Group
 Have ____ valence electrons. The metals form a ____ charged ion.
 Carbon is used in covalent compounds only.
 This group has all three classifications present.
 Carbon is found in oil, natural gas, and food. It is in elemental form as coal or graphite.
 Silicon is the 2nd most abundant element in earth’s crust.
 Carbon and silicon has allotropes. Allotropes are different forms of the same element,
having different molecular structures.

 Group 15: Nitrogen Group
 Have ___ valence electrons. Nonmetals will form a ___ charged ion.
 These elements will form covalent bonds with other elements.
 Nitrogen is very abundant in our air.
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 Group 16: Oxygen Group
 Have ____ valence electrons. These nonmentals form a ___ charged ion when bonding
covalently.
 Synthesis Elements: these elements are made by scientists in lab settings. These
are elements not typically found on Earth.
 Transuranium Elements: elements that have more than 92 protons and do not
fit into the other three classifications.
 All are synthetic and unstable.
 Most radioactive elements have use in medical applications.
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