Unit 10 – Page 1
Name:_______________________________________________________
AP Psychology – Guided Reading
Unit 10 – Personality
SECTION 1 – THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
Period:__________
Exploring the Unconscious
1.
According to Sigmund Freud, what is/are: a.
Free association – b.
Psychoanalysis – c.
Unconscious – d.
Slips of the Tongue –
2.
Freud believed that personality resulted from the conflict between _______________ and
_________________.
3.
Describe the three interacting dynamics as seen by Freud to understand the mind’s dynamics: a.
id – b.
ego – c.
superego –
4.
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages? Describe the focus of each stage. (see chart on page 482)
5.
What is an Oedipus complex?
6.
What is identification?
7.
What is fixation?

8.
What are defense mechanisms? a.
repression – b.
regression – c.
reaction formation – d.
projection – e.
rationalization – f.
displacement – g.
sublimation – h.
denial –
The Neo-Freudians and Psychodynamic Theorists
9.
In what two ways did neo-Freudians veer away from Freud?
10.
How did Alfred Adler see childhood? (Birth order and inferiority complex)
11.
How did Karen Horney see childhood? How did she veer from Freud?
12.
What did Carl Jung believe about a collective unconscious?
Unit 10 – Page 2

Unit 10 – Page 3
Assessing Unconscious Processes
13.
What is a projective test?
14.
What is a Thematic Apperception Test?
15.
What is the Rorschach inkblot test?
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
16.
What are a couple of criticisms of Freud’s theories? Why?
SECTION 2 – THE HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
17.
What do humanistic psychologists focus on?
18.
Abraham Maslow proposed the hierarchy of needs (Unit 8A). Describe how he developed his ideas.
19.
According to Carl Rogers, people nurture their growth by being genuine , accepting , and empathic .
Explain what this means.
20.
What is unconditional positive regard?
21.
What is self-concept?
22.
What are some criticisms of the humanistic perspective?
SECTION 3 – THE TRAIT PERSPECTIVE
23.
What are traits? When (age) are traits most stable?

24.
Gordon Allport was less concerned with __________________ individual traits than with ____________________ them.
25.
What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ?
Exploring Traits
26.
What is factor analysis ?
27.
What is the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire?
Unit 10 – Page 4
Assessing Traits
28.
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory? a.
Define empirically derived –
The Big Five Factors
29.
What are the Big Five personality factors? How stable are these traits?
30.
What is the Barnum effect?
Evaluating the Trait Perspective
31.
What is the person-situation controversy?
SECTION 4 – THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
32.
What is the social-cognitive perspective?

Unit 10 – Page 5
Reciprocal Influences
33.
What is reciprocal determinism? What are the 3 factors that are inter-related?
Personal Control
34.
What is personal control?
35.
What is the difference between an external locus of control and an internal locus of control?
36.
Self-control predicts:
37.
What contributes to learned helplessness?
38.
What is a criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?
SECTION 5 – EXPLORING THE SELF
39.
What is the self?
40.
What is meant by possible selves ?
41.
What is the spotlight effect?
The Benefits of Self-Esteem
42.
What is self-esteem?
43.
Is high self-esteem really “the armor that protects kids” from life’s problems? Explain.

Self-Serving Bias
44.
Define self-serving bias –
45.
Describe the two main findings on self-serving bias:
Culture and the Self
46. What is the difference between individualism and collectivism?
AP Psychology – Guided Reading
Unit 11 – Testing and Individual Differences
SECTION 1 – WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
1.
What is the reasoning error called reification ?
2.
What is an intelligence test?
3.
Define intelligence.
Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities?
4.
As defined by Charles Spearman, what is general intelligence (g)?
5.
What is a factor analysis?
6.
What is savant syndrome?
Unit 10 – Page 6

7.
Look at table 11.1 on page 526. What are Howard Gardner’s Eight Intelligences?
8.
List and describe Sternberg’s three intelligences (triarchic theory). a.
b.
c.
Emotional Intelligence
9.
Define emotional intelligence and describe the four components.
Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?
10.
What is the correlation between brain size and intelligence score?
11.
What do studies reveal about neural processing speed?
SECTION 2 – ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
12.
When did the modern intelligence-testing movement begin and why?
13.
What is mental age? How did Alfred Binet measure mental age?
14.
What changes did Lewis Terman make to Binet’s test?
Unit 10 – Page 7

15.
What is the Stanford-Binet test?
16.
What is an intelligence quotient?
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
17.
How are achievement tests different from aptitude tests?
18.
What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
Principles of Test Construction
19.
What is standardization?
20.
Describe a normal curve.
21.
What is the Flynn Effect ?
22.
What is reliability?
23.
What is validity? a.
content validity – b.
predictive validity –
24.
Describe why general aptitude tests are not as predictive as they are reliable.
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Unit 10 – Page 9
25.
Why does the predictive power of aptitude scores diminish as students move up the educational ladder?
SECTION 3 – THE DYNAMICS OF INTELLIGENCE
26.
Casual observation and intelligence tests before the age of 3 only _______________________ predict children’s future aptitudes.
27.
By age 4, children’s performance on intelligence tests begins to predict their _______________ and ______________ scores.
28.
By about age 7, intelligence test scores _______________.
Extremes of Intelligence
29.
At the low extreme, what is an intellectual disability?
30.
What is Down syndrome?
31.
What did Lewis Terman find out about high scoring (gifted) children?
32.
What do critics and opponents of gifted education agree upon?
SECTION 4 – GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON INTELLIGENCE
Twin and Adoption Studies
33.
Summarize the three sets of findings in regards to genetic contribution to intelligence. a.
b.
c.

Unit 10 – Page 10
34.
What are the findings of studies done on adopted siblings (thus looking at the effect of environment on intelligence)?
Read and review the information on heritability. We discussed this in Unit 3C.
Environmental Influences
35.
What is a general finding among the poor regarding environmental conditions?
36.
How does schooling affect intelligence later in childhood?
Group Differences In Intelligence Test Scores
37.
In the psychological domain, gender _________________ vastly outnumber gender __________.
38.
List the categories where females do better and categories where men do better.
Females –
Males –
39.
What does research show about male variability?
The Question of Bias
40.
A test may be considered biased if:
41.
What is a self-fulfilling stereotype threat?