Lecture 11
Management and Planning Tools
1
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Management & Planning Tools
Help Plan and Organize Complex Group Activities
1) Affinity Diagram
2) Interrelationship Digraph
3) Tree Diagram
4) Prioritization Matrix
5) Matrix Diagram
6) Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC)
7) Activity Network Diagram
2
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Management & Planning Tools
Affinity Diagram (1)
a
Interrelationship Digraph (2)
b
c
Tree Diagram (3)
d
abcde f gh
1
2
3
4
5
6
Prioritization Matrices (4)
Matrix Diagram (5)
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Affinity Diagram
• Purpose:
– Creative process (generate &
organize ideas)
• Start with:
– What is the problem?
• Then:
– Brainstorm ideas
• Then:
– Gather ideas under affinity
headings
Affinity Diagram (1)
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Affinity Diagram Example
• Reduce Data Entry Complexity (Selling, Leasing, Tracking Products)
Improved
Training
Improved
Hardware
Error
Prevention
Optical
Scanning
System
Problem
Solving
On-Line
System at
Customer Site
Friendly
Software
Improve
Paperwork
Inlet
Outlet
Menu
Driven
Display
Only
Critical
Info. On
Screen
Improve
Prompts
Voice
Activated
System
Standardize
completion Format
Increase Size to
Increase Legibility
Train Clerical Sales
and Customer Service
Personnel
Shorten 11-Digit
Product Code
Color Code Forms by
Product Group
Automated
Entry
Forms Contain Only
Non-Standard
Customer information
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Interrelationship Digraph
• Purpose:
– To show causality between items
– To identify drivers and bottlenecks
– Can be used to fill in roof of house of quality
Interrelationship Digraph (2)
• First:
– Write down important factors
• Then:
– Draw arrows between items
– From  to indicates causality
• Arrows
– Most out arrows  primary: driver
– Most in arrows  secondary: bottleneck
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Interrelationship Digraph Example
• Repeated service calls on a machine
z
y
x
Meas ured
Part
TouchTrigger
Probe
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Interrelationship Digraph Example
• Repeated service calls on a machine
Lack of Knowledge of
Job by Subcontractor
Interviewer
Wrong
Person Sent
Lack of Good
People
Lack of Trades
Experience in
Management
Poor Matching
of People
Lack of Record
of What Final
Job is
Repeat
Service
Calls
Lack of Clear Job
Expectations by
Subcontractor
Lack of Knowledge of
Matching People to
Job Requirements
Problematic
Customer
Unclear Customer
Expectations
Wrong
Tools
Lack of Info.
on Job
Advertising
Promises
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Tree Diagram
• Purpose:
Tree Diagram (3)
– Paths and tasks to accomplish
primary goal and its related sub-goals
• First:
– List main what (goal)
• Then:
– List “Hows” (means)
– These become goals (“Whats”) for
next level
• Continue until you get to assignable
tasks
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Tree Diagram Example
• Reduce Data Entry Complexity
Clerical
Improved
Training
Reduce Data
Entry Complexity
Sales
Customer Service
Reps.
Error Prevention Training
Seq. Inspection Training
Problem Solving Training
Optical Scanning System
On-Line System at Customer
Site
Increase Monitor Size
Voice Actuated System
Improved
Hardware
Automated Entry
Friendly
Software
Input
Improve Prompt
Auto Check on Standard price
Database
Display Only Non-Standard
Information on Screen
Output
Increase Size for Legibility
Manual Entry
Form
Improve
Paperwork
Coding System
Standardized
Completion Format
Menu Driven
Forms Contain only NonStandard Information
Color Code Form by Product
Shorten Product Code
More Obvious Difference
Among product Groups Codes
Train Clerical, Sales and
Customer Service Personnel
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Prioritization Matrix
• Purpose:
–To prioritize items:
a
b
c
Prioritization Matrices (4)
• Prioritization against themselves
• Prioritization against criteria
• This allows you to focus limited resources
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
d
Prioritization Matrix (Coffee Example)
A
B
C
D
Taste
A
X
-
+
+
Smell
B
+
X
+
+
Poisonous
C
-
-
X
+
Color
D
-
-
-
X
Temperature
E
-
-
+
+
5.6
SC1
0.8
SC2
15.2 20
SC3 SC4
E
SR1/
SC
SR2/
+
SC
SR3/
SC
SR4/
SC
SR5/
X
SC
10.4 52
SC5 SC
+
%
0.2923
29.23
0.3846
38.46
0.1077
10.77
0.0154
1.54
0.2000
20.00
Total
100.00
+ = 5, - = 1/5
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Matrix Diagram
abcde f gh
1
2
3
4
5
6
• Purpose:
– To show relations between two sets Matrix Diagram (5)
– To show strength of relations
• Basic types
– QFD
– Job responsibilities
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
House of Quality
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Matrix Diagram (Interview Example)
Job Responsibilities
Boss
Organizer
Staff person
Travel
D


Pick Date
O

D
Schedule
D

O
Benefits Discussion

O
D
Dinner
O
D

Follow-Up

O
 = Primary Responsibility, O = Secondary Responsibility
D = Needs To Know
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Relationship of MP Tools to QFD
(3)
Tree
Diagram
Requirements
Flow
Interrelationships
Characteristics
(What)
Customer
Requirements
Prioritization
Requirements
(How)
Product
Characteristics
(5)
Matrix
Diagram
Relationships
Competitive Assessment
(1)
Affinity
Diagram
(2)
Interrelationship’s
Digraph
How Much
(4)
Prioritization
Matrices
Importance
Target Values
Importance Ratings
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Use of M&P Tools for ME2110 Design Project
• Affinity Diagram to Organize Ideas for Each Problem
(Improve Machine Repeatability,…)
• Interrelationship Digraphs to Debug Machine
(Loss of Power, Premature Triggering,…)
• Tree Diagrams to Assign Tasks
(Buy wood, Build frame, Program controller,…)
• Prioritization Matrix to Create Task Timeline
• Matrix Diagram to Ensure You are Addressing All Needs
• Etc.
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Summary
• Management and planning tools allow you to:
– Plan more formally (assign tasks)
– Organize information
– Deal with qualitative information
– Show relations between items and issues
Use Them!!!
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Phases of Design (Product
Lifecycle)
1) Customer Requirements
Understand the Problem
2) Specification Development
Engineering Requirements
3) Conceptual Design
4) Detail Design
5) Specification of Production
6) Manufacture
7) Recycle
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Phases of Design (Product
Lifecycle)
1) Customer Requirements
Understand the Problem
2) Specification Development
Engineering Requirements
3) Conceptual Design
4) Detail Design
5) Specification of Production
6) Manufacture
7) Recycle
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Functions & Sub-Functions
Function
SF1
SF11
SF12 SF13
SF2
SF3
SF21 SF22 SF23
SF31 SF32 SF33
(Function Tree)
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Pole Vault Pole Specifications
Specification
For: A Pole Vault Pole
Changes D/W Requirements
D Shoot Idiot 3-6m into the air.
D
W
W
W
D
D
D
D
W
D
D
Resp.
Geometry
Diameter between 1-2
Length between 10'-17'6"
Kinematics
Damping ratio < 0.1
Forces
Bending Force Scalable
Bending angle > 180 deg.
Materials
Moldable
Durable
Ductile
Not temperature dependent
Safety
Will not fracture
99% stiffness after 5k Bends
Source
Standard
Design
Team
Standard
USHSF
Standard
USHSF
USHSF
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Phases of Design (Product Lifecycle)
1) Customer Requirements
Understand the Problem
2) Specification Development
Engineering Requirements
3) Conceptual Design
4) Detail Design
5) Specification of Production
6) Manufacture
7) Recycle
25
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
The Morphological Chart
Going from concept to physical reality
Store/
Acquire
Power
Transmit
Power
Brake on
Target
Move
Mass
Navigate
to Target
Gravity
Car Hit by Trap
Rolling Friction
Mouse Traps
Rip Cord Effect
String Break
Anchor
Rolling
Sliding
Equal Size Wheels
Larger Front Wheels
Ramp
Rubber Stopper
...
Projectile Launch
Catapult
...
...
...
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
First Level Evaluation
Matrix
Concept
1
Bunny
2
Snake
3
Cost
D
_
_
+
Safety
Gathering
Ability
A
S
_
+
+
+
+
+
_
3
2
0
+
_
3
2
0
+
_
_
Criteria
Robustness
T
U
+
S
4
5
Voodoo
Spell
Ease of
_
S
M
Assembly
1
2
S+
S1
3
Ss
3
0
+ = better than datum; - = worse than datum; S = same as datum
Compare +/- to a Standard
ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
27
Second Level Evaluation Matrix
Concept
Criteria
A: low
material
cost
B: easy
assembly
C: short
testing time
D: simple
construction
E:
functional
safety
F: simple
operation
Total
Relative =
Total/24
1
2
3
4
5
3
1
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
1
3
4
4
2
3
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
17
0.71
14
0.58
20
0.83
20
0.83
17
0.71
Evaluate Criteria on a 1-4 Scale
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Third Level
Evaluation
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
MAKES ERASABLE
MARK
REMOVES
ERASABLE MARK
EMBODIMENT:
HOLDS POINT
PRODUCTION:
FEW PARTS
SIMPLE TO MAKE
ASSEMBLY:
EASY
OPERATION:
COMFORTABLE TO
USE
LOW USE FORCE
MAINTENANCE:
SHARPENABLE
SAFETY:
DOESN’T HARM
USER BY
BREAKING INTO
SMALL, HARMFUL
PARTS
NOT POISONOUS
WEIGHT
(0-4)
C1
(RUB ON
- RUB
OFF)
C2
(PLACE
ON TAKE
OFF)
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
0
4
3
C3
(PLACE
ON - RUB
OFF)
Evaluate on a 1-4
Scale, Then Apply
Weighting Factor
TOTAL POINTS:
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design
Design Tools at Your Disposal
1) House of Quality
2) Function Trees
3) Function Tables
4) Specification Lists
5) Functional Variants
6) Solution Principle Matrices
7) Morphological Charts
8) Evaluation Matrices
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ME 2110: Creative Decisions and Design