the respiratory
system
Humans breathe air into paired lungs through
the nose and mouth during inspiration.
 Whilst air is in the lungs gaseous exchange
takes place; in this process oxygen enters the
blood in exchange for carbon dioxide.
 During expiration, air containing less oxygen and
more carbon dioxide leaves the body.
 The oxygen obtained through gaseous exchange
is required by body cells for cellular respiration,
a process that releases energy from food.
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-ptysis
to spit
-ectasis
expansion
-plasty
Reconstruction
Word Exercise
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Dyspnea
Difficult/painful
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Apnea
Cessation of breathing
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Pradypnea
Decrease breathing rate
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Tachypnea
Increase breathing rate
Dysphonia
 Rhinoplasty
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Difficulty in speaking
surgical reconstruction of nose
Word Exercise
Find the meaning of:
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rhino/scopy ………………
rhino/pathy ………………
rhin/algia ………………..
rhin/itis ……………….
rhino/rrhoea ………………
rhino/plasty …………….
Word Exercise
Find the meaning of:
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naso/gastr/ic tube ………………..
naso-oesophag/eal tube ……………..
Word exercise
Write the meaning of:
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pharyng/algia ……………….
pharyngo/rrhoea ……………..
Build words that mean:
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surgical repair of the pharynx ………………
inflammation of the nose and pharynx (use
rhin/o) ……………………
Word Exercise
Build words that mean:
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Discharge/excessive flow of mucus from bronchi
………………
An X-ray of the bronchus ………………
Technique of making an X-ray of the bronchi
…………………………
An instrument for the visual examination of the bronchi
……………………………..
Word Exercise
Find the meaning of:
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bronch/us …………
broncho/plegia ……………….
broncho/rrhaphy …………………
bronchi/ectasis …………………….
broncho/myc/osis ……………….
broncho/spasm …………………….
tracheo/bronchi/al ……………………..
Clinical Aspects of Respiration
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is caused by several different
microorganisms, most commonly bacteria and
viruses.
 Pneumonia is also applied to inflammation of the
lungs caused by noninfectious causes, such as
asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants.
 Tuberculosis
Infection disease caused by bacili causing small
lesions in the lungs or other ogans
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Asthma
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Attacks of asthma result from narrowing of the
bronchial tubes. This constriction, along with
edema (swelling) of the bronchial linings and
accumulation of mucus, results in wheezing,
extreme dyspnea (difficulty in breathing), and
cyanosis.
Pneumoconiosis
Chronic irritation and inflammation caused by
inhalation of dust particles
 This is an occupational hazard seen mainly in
people involved in the mining and stoneworking
industries.
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
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Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, also
called hyaline membrane disease, occurs in
premature infants and is the most common cause
of death in this group. It results from a lack of
surfactant in the lungs, which reduces compliance.
Disorders Of The Pleura
Pleurisy, also called pleuritis
Is an inflammation of the pleura, usually associated with infection.
Pain is the common symptom of pleurisy. Because this pain is
intensified by breathing or coughing, as the inflamed
membranes move, breathing becomes rapid and shallow
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Pneumothorax
As a result of injury, infection, or weakness in the pleural
membrane, substances may accumulate between the layers of
the pleura. When air or gas collects in this space, the condition
is termed Pneumothorax
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Hemothorax Presence of blood in the pleural space
Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal hereditary disease
among white children.
The defective gene that causes CF affects glandular secretions by
altering chloride transport across cell membranes.
Thickening of bronchial secretions leads to infection and other
respiratory disorders.
Other mucus-secreting glands, sweat glands, and glands of the
pancreas are also involved, causing electrolyte imbalance and
digestive disturbances.
Other Respiratory Diseases
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Any of a group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating respiratory
diseases, which includes emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, and
bronchiectasis.
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung; lung collapse.
May be present at birth (as in respiratory distress syndrome) or
be caused by bronchial obstruction or compression of lung
tissue (prefix atel/omeans “imperfect”)
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Emphysema
A chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and
destruction of the alveoli
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Acidosis
Abnormal acidity of body fluids. Respiratory acidosis is caused by
abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the body.
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Alkalosis
Abnormal alkalinity of body fluids. Respiratory alkalosis is caused
by abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the body.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Mr C is 56 years of age and has a long history of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
He began smoking at the age of 14 and until 6
years ago smoked approximately 25-30
cigarettes per day but now only smokes 2 or 3
per week.
Five years ago he developed a squamous cell
carcinoma and had a right upper lobectomy.
Mr C has had two acute exacerbations of
bronchitis in the past year.
His wife says that over the last few days he has
become increasingly out of breath and has
difficulty in walking, speaking and eating.
He was seen in casualty with increasing
dyspnoea , cyanosis and a productive
purulent sputum.
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On examination he had a degree of bronchospasm and
was showing signs of hypoxia and hypercapnia.
His serious condition required his immediate transfer
to the intensive therapy unit (ITU) for mechanical
ventilatory support.
An arterial catheter for blood gas sampling was
inserted via the left radial artery, and he was asleep.
He was given a muscle relaxant intravenously to
enable tracheal intubation and commencement of
intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV).
WORD HELP
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acute symptoms/signs of short duration
carcinoma malignant growth from epidermal cells/a cancer
catheter a tube inserted into the body
chronic lasting/lingering for a long time
exacerbations acute increased severity of symptoms
intravenous pertaining to within a vein
intubation insertion of a tube into a hollow organ in this case the
trachea
productive producing e.g. producing mucus/sputum
purulent resembling pus/infected
sedated state of reduced activity usually as a result of medication
sputum material expelled from the respiratory passages by
coughing or clearing the throat
squamous pertaining to scale-like/from squamous epithelium