Chapter 22 and GHW#12
Questions
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acids
A nucleic acid is a polymer in which the monomer units are
nucleotides. There are two Types of Nucleic Acids:
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Found within cell nucleus for
storing and transfering of genetic information that are passed
from one cell to other during cell division
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid: Occurs in all parts of cell serving the
primary function is to synthesize the proteins needed for cell
functions.
Nucleotide
pentose
Heterocyclic Bases
Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Ribose
Nucleotide Formation
Nucleotides
1) Give the names of names of pentose sugars
written in Fisher projections (linear form)
below
2) Give the names of names of pentose sugars written
in Haworth projections (cyclic hemiacetal form)
below. (Label the carbon atoms)
Four types of DNA nucleotides
3) Give the names of names of bases and
identify them as purines and pyrimidines
(Label the atoms in the ring)
Naming DNA Nucleotides
Name
Base
Nucleoside
5'-Nucleotide
2'-Deoxyadenosine
2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'monophosphate
2'-Deoxycytidine
2'-Deoxycytidine-5'monophosphate
dGMP Guanine
2'-Deoxyguanosine
2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'monophosphate
dTMP Thymine
2'-Deoxythymidine
2'-Deoxythymidine-5'monophosphate
dAMP Adenine
dCMP Cytosine
4)
a) What is phosphate and phosphate
mono/di-esters?
b) What is a nucleotide?
c) Draw the structure of dAMP and GMP
Primary Structure
DNA Double Strands (secondary stucture)
DNA Double Strand Complimentary Base Pair
Hydrogen Bonding
Weak Hydrogen Bonding
5) Draw the following
a) Backbone of a nucleic acid
b) DNA sequence 5'-TGA CGG TAC CC-3'
6) What are the difference between DNA and
RNA?
DNA
number of strands
sugar used
bases used
base pairs
possible locations
full name
RNA
Current Interests
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DNA structure and types
Gene Expression
Gene Replication
Genome Project
Cancer and Aging
Forensic and Archeology
Epigenetic
Biotechnology
Recombinant-transgenic DNA
Cloning and Stem Cell Research
Bio-ethics
Replications
Prokaryotic
Human Chromosomes
Eukaryotic
Gene Expression
The process by which information from a gene is used
in the synthesis of a functional gene product: Proteins
• Transcription
• RNA processing
• RNA export
• Translation
• Folding
• Protein transport
Five types of RNA
RNA molecules found in human cells are categorized
into five major types, distinguished
by their function.
• Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA),
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• TransferRNA (tRNA).
RNA Functions
Protein Synthesis
3-base code (triplet) is an “anticodon”
Protein molecule
Attached amino acid that is carried from
cytoplasm to ribosomes
7) Write the type of RNA used for each of the
following functions:
a) Makes up parts of the ribosome
b) Delivers amino acid to the ribosomes
c) Codes for proteins
8) What is the name given to the short (610 bp)
sequence of bases in the RNA prior to the start of
transcription to which the RNA polymerase binds?
9)
(a) How many nucleotides make up a codon?
(b) How many different codons are there?
(c) How many different amino acids are there?
10) Write the RNA sequence transcribed from the
following DNA sequence. Then write the amino acid
sequence of the protein translated from that RNA.
5'-TGA TTT CGG TAC GAT TAA CAA CCT CGA ATT CC-3'
11) What causes the variation in traits that is the
basis for evolution?
13)
(a) What is gene expression?
(b) Why is gene expression regulated?
14) For each of the following mutations in the DNA
sequence below, show and explain the effect that the
mutation will have on the RNA and protein sequence and, if
applicable, on the protein in general. (The numbers for each
correspond to the arrows above the sequence.)
5'-TGA TTT CGG TAC GAT TAA CAA CCT CGA ATT CC-3'
a) T in GAT is replaced by C
b) T in TAA is replaced by C
c) first A in TAA is replaced by G
d. C in CAA is replaced by Ae) delete CAA
f) delete T in GAT
Epigenetics
• the term refers to gene expression caused by
mechanisms other than changes in the
underlying DNA sequence, hence the name epi(Greek: επί- over, above).
• neo-Lamarckism: genetic materials in the
cytoplasm: environment led to adaptive
changes that were passed on.
• Genogrphics: Mitochondrial Eve
The RNA Codons
Polyunsaturated fatty acids: omega-3
and omega-6 fatty acids
Essential Fatty Acids (EFA).