Chapter 4 Socialization
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Why Is Socialization Important Around the
Globe?
Social Psychological Theories of Human
Development
Sociological Theories of Human Development
Agents of Socialization
Chapter 4 Socialization
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Gender and Racial-Ethnic Socialization
Socialization Through the Life Course
Resocialization
Socialization in the Future
Importance of Socialization
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Enables us to develop our human potential and
learn ways of thinking, talking, and acting that
are necessary for social living.
Essential for the survival and stability of
society.
Allows society to pass culture on to the next
generation.
Human Development
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Humans are a product of biology, society and
personal experiences.
Most human actions, except for reflexes, are
social in cause or consequence.
Individuals who are isolated as children never
fully develop emotionally or intellectually.
Freud and the Psychoanalytic
Perspective
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Human behavior and personality originate from
unconscious forces within individuals.
Human development occurs in three states that
reflect different levels of personality:
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–
–
Id
Ego
Superego
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial
Stages of Development
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Birth to age 1 - Trust versus mistrust.
Ages 1 to 3 - Autonomy versus shame and
doubt.
Ages 3 to 5 - Initiative versus guilt.
Ages 6 to 11- Industry versus inferiority.
Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial
Stages of Development
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Ages 12-18 - Identity versus role confusion.
Ages 18 to 35 - Intimacy versus isolation.
Ages 35 to 55 - Generativity versus selfabsorption.
Maturity and old age - Integrity versus
despair.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
1.
Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) Understand the world through sensory
contact and immediate action.
2.
Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - Use
words as symbols and form mental images.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
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Concrete operational stage ( age 7 to 11) Think in terms of tangible objects and events.
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Formal operational stage (12 and up) - Begin
to think about the future and evaluate different
courses of action.
Kohlberg’s
Stages of Moral Development
1.
Preconventional level (ages 7 to 10)
Children’s perceptions are based on
punishment and obedience.
2.
Conventional level (10 through adulthood)
People are concerned with how they are
perceived by peers and how one conforms to
rules.
Kohlberg’s
Stages of Moral Reasoning
3.
Postconventional level (few adults reach
this stage)
People view morality in terms of individual
rights; “moral conduct” is judged by principles
based on human rights that transcend
government and laws.
Gilligan’s Stages of Female Moral
Development
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Stage 1: A woman is motivated primarily by
selfish concerns.
Stage 2: She recognizes her responsibility to
others.
Stage 3: She makes a decision based on her
desire to do the greatest good for herself and
for others.
Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self
Self-concept derived from a 3 step process:
1. We imagine how our personality and
appearance will look to other people.
2. We imagine how other people judge the
appearance and personality that we think we
present.
3. We develop a self-concept.
Mead and Role-taking
The self is divided into the “I” and the “Me”:
 “I” represents the unique traits of each person.
 “Me” is composed of attitudes and demands of
others and the awareness of those demands.
 “I” develops first. “Me” is formed during three
stages of self development.
Mead’s Three Stages of
Self-Development
1.
2.
Preparatory Stage (up to age 3)
Children prepare for role-taking by imitating
the people around them.
Play Stage (3 - 5)
Children begin to see themselves in relation
to others.
Mead’s Three Stages of
Self-Development
3.
Game Stage (early school years)
Children understand their social position and
the positions of those around them.
Children become concerned about the
demands and expectations of others.
Agents of Socialization
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Family
School
Peer Group
Mass Media
Racial Socialization
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Socialization that contains specific messages
and practices concerning the nature of racial
status as it relates to:
1.
2.
3.
Personal and group identity
Intergroup and interindividual relationships
Position in the social hierarchy.
Resocialization
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Voluntary - assuming a new status by choice
(Student, employee, retiree).
Involuntary -assuming a new status against
one’s wishes (jail, mental hospital).