TAP 510 01-- BASIC APOLOGETICS
Instructor: Jack Cottrell
Course Assignments – Fall 2011
A.
Three Credit Hours
RATIONALE.
From the very beginning of Christianity, the followers of Jesus Christ have believed not only that he is the
divine Savior and the risen Lord, but also that the Biblical world view in general is the one and only true world
view. Such a commitment is intended to be made not on the basis of "blind faith" but on the basis of rational,
objective evidence. Christians are told to be "ready to make a defense to every one who asks you to give an
account for the hope that is in you" (1 Peter 3:15, NASB). The Greek word for "defense" is apologia, from
which the word "apologetics" comes. Thus the necessity for making a rational defense of Christianity has
always been incumbent upon Christians, and this has never been more true than in the present day, in view of
the many diverse challenges that are being hurled against their faith. Such a course as this is thus a natural part
of the curriculum of a seminary that stands in the mainstream of historic, conservative Christianity.
B.
OBJECTIVES. Upon completion of this course the student should -1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
D.
Have a clear understanding of the evaluative function of human reason.
Have a clear understanding of the nature of the major objections to the truth of the Christian world view,
and be able to respond to them.
Have a clear understanding of the major arguments for the truth of the Christian world view, and be able
to explain them to others.
Have a firm confidence in the validity of his or her own personal faith in Jesus Christ.
GENERAL INFORMATION.
1.
Absence Policy. This course meets Mondays from 3:20 to 6:00 p.m., August 22 through December 12,
2011. You are expected to attend every class session. If an absence is necessary, you should make
arrangements with another student to record the class, and then listen to the recording. Three absences
may require extra work; four absences may result in exclusion from the course.
2.
Class Sessions. For each class session you should bring to class a Bible (NASB or ESV preferred but not
required) and a course outline (available online). Do not eat meals in class.
3.
Grade Determination.
4.
The professor reserves the right to make changes in the assignments as deemed necessary.
Completed reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20%
Book review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20%
Mid-term exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30%
Final exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30%
ASSIGNMENTS.
1.
Reading Reports. The following items must be read by the dates indicated in the schedule below; on each
of those dates the student should turn in on a 3x5 card a simple statement indicating that the reading
assignment for that date has been completed.
a.
FIRST MAIN TEXTBOOK: William Lane Craig, Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and
Apologetics, third ed. Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2008.
2.
b.
H. Lynn Gardner, Commending & Defending Christian Faith: An Introduction to Christian
Apologetics. Joplin, MO: College Press, 2010.
c.
Excerpts from Jack Cottrell, What the Bible Says About God the Creator (Joplin, MO: College
Press, 1983); and from Jack Cottrell, What the Bible Says About God the Ruler (Joplin, MO:
College Press, 1984).
Book Review. The student must prepare a written review of one of the following books. The review
should be 1,500 to 2,000 words in length and must be submitted on the date indicated in the schedule
below. (Put the word count on the cover sheet.)
Baggett, David J., ed. Did the Resurrection Happen? A Conversation with Gary Habermas and Antony
Flew (Veritas Forum Books). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2009.
Barfield, Kenny. The Prophet Motive: Examining the Reliability of the Biblical Prophets. Nashville:
Gospel Advocate, 1995.
Behe, Michael J. Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, 2 ed. New York: Free
Press, 2006.
Brantley, Garry K. Digging for Answers: Has Archaeology Disproved the Bible? Montgomery, AL:
Apologetics Press, 1996.
Cowan, Steven B., ed. Five Views on Apologetics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000.
Davis, Stephen T. God, Reason, and Theistic Proofs. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.
Davis, Stephen T., ed. Encountering Evil: Live Options in Theodicy. 2 ed. Louisville:
Westminster/John Knox, 2004.
Erickson, Millard J. Postmodernizing the Faith: Evangelical Responses to the Challenge of
Postmodernism. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998.
Geivett, R. Douglas; and Gary R. Habermas, eds. In Defense of Miracles: A Comprehensive Case for
God's Action in History. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1997.
House, H. Wayne, ed. Intelligent Design 101: Leading Experts Explain the Key Issues. Grand Rapids:
Kregel, 2008.
McDowell, Josh; & Sean McDowell. Evidence for the Resurrection. Ventura, CA: Regal, 2009.
McGrath, Alister E. Science and Religion: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 1998.
Peterson, Michael, et al. Reason & Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, 4
ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Powell, Doug. Holman Quick Source Guide to Christian Apologetics. Nashville: Holman Reference,
2006.
Ross, Hugh. The Creator and the Cosmos: How the Greatest Scientific Discoveries of the Century
Reveal God, 3rd ed. Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2001.
Wood, W. Jay. Epistemology: Becoming Intellectually Virtuous. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press,
1998.
3.
Suggested Contents for Book Reviews.
A book review should attempt to answer the following questions. First, what is the writer's overall purpose?
What does he hope to accomplish with the book? What main point is he trying to make?
Second, how well does the writer accomplish his purpose? Does he cover the subject adequately? Does he
leave any loose ends, any questions unanswered? Does he treat all viewpoints fairly and take account of all the
options? Such questions as these must be answered only in terms of the author's intended purpose.
Third, are there logical or theological weaknesses or errors in the author's presentation? Are his conclusions
really supported by the evidence presented? Are his presuppositions legitimate? Is his thinking Biblical? To answer
such questions as these, the reviewer must read the book critically. He must not simply report what the book says, but
must evaluate what is said.
Fourth, what is the value or usefulness of the book? Who would profit most from reading it?
A reviewer need not and probably should not slavishly outline his review according to the four categories
mentioned above. All the elements should be included, but the form will vary according to the nature of the book
being reviewed.
E.
WEEKLY ASSIGNMENTS.
Aug. 22 --
First class session.
Aug. 29 --
Read Gardner, pp. 1-114. Report.
Sept. 5 --
Labor Day: no class
Sept. 12 --
Read Gardner, pp. 117-221. Report.
Sept. 19 -- Read Craig, up through p. 90. Report.
Sept. 26 -- Read Cottrell, God the Creator, pp. 419-442; and God the Ruler, ch. 11. Report.
Oct. 3
-- Read Craig, pp. 93-156. Report.
Oct. 10 -- Read Craig, pp. 157-204. Report.
Oct. 17 -- Read Craig, pp. 207-283. Report.
Oct. 24 -- Read Craig, pp. 287-407. Take-home mid-term exam distributed.
Oct. 31 -- Completed take-home exam to be turned in at the beginning of the session.
Nov. 7 --
Read Gardner, 225-359. Report.
Nov. 14 --
Read Gardner, 361-480. Report.
Nov. 21 --
Thanksgiving recess: no class.
Nov. 28 --
Come to class.
Dec. 5 --
Submit Review of one book from the list on the previous page
Dec. 12 -- Final Exam.
F. Communicating with the professor:
E-mail -Phone --
jack.cottrell@ccuniversity.edu
513-244-8166 (office);
812-637-9628 (home)
Address -- 2700 Glenway Avenue, Cincinnati OH 45204
Basic Apologetics
Bibliography
Cincinnati Bible Seminary – Fall 2011
(* = recommended texts)
General Works
The Apologetics Study Bible. Nashville: Holman Bible Publishers, 2007. Features articles by leading apologists.
Bahnsen, Greg L. Van Til’s Apologetic: Readings and Analysis. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1998.
Bartholomew, David J. Uncertain Beliefs: Is It Rational to be a Christian? Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
Bauman, Michael, David Hall, and Robert Newman, eds. Evangelical Apologetics: Selected Essays from the 1995
Evangelical Theological Society Convention. Camp Hill, Penn.: Christian Publications, 1996.
*Beckwith, Francis J., William Lane Craig, and J. P. Moreland. To Everyone an Answer: A Case for the Christian
Worldview. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2004.
Beilby, James. Thinking About Christian Apologetics: What It Is and Why We Do It . Downers Grove: IVP, 2011.
Introductory issues.
Boa, Kenneth D., and Robert M. Bowman, Jr. Faith Has Its Reasons: An Interactive Approach to Defending Christianity.
Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, 2001; second ed.: Waynesboro, GA: Paternoster, 2006.
Boyd, Robert. A. Boyd’s Handbook of Practical Apologetics: Scientific Facts, Fulfilled Prophecies and Archaeological
Discoveries That Confirm the Bible. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1996.
Bruce, F. F. The Defense of the Gospel in the New Testament. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977 (first ed.,
1959).
Butler, Joseph. The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, ed. Joseph Cummings. New York: Eaton and Mains,
1903 (printing of 1875 ed., which is slightly revised from the 1860 ed. prepared by William Fitzgerald. Butler’s first
edition was published in 1736).
Butt, Kyle. Out with Doubt. Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press, 2001. Thirteen lessons, esp. for youth: existence of
God, inspiration of Scripture, resurrection of Christ, dinosaurs, age of the earth, miracles, etc.
*Campbell-Jack, W. C.; & Gavin McGrath, eds. New Dictionary of Christian Apologetics. Downers Grove: IVP, 2006.
Campolo, Anthony. We Have Met the Enemy, And They Are Partly Right. Dallas: Word, 1985. A good examination of
the classic attacks upon middle-class Christianity.
Carnell, E. J. The Case for Orthodox Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1959.
Carnell, E. J. An Introduction to Christian Apologetics.
Green Leaf Press, 1996).
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1948. (6 th ed. Alhambra, Calif.:
Carson, D. A. The Gagging of God. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996.
Clark, David. Dialogical Apologetics: A Person-Centered Approach to Christian Defense. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993;
reprint, 1999.
Clark, Kelly James. Return To Reason: A Critique of Enlightenment Evidentialism and a Defense of Reason and Belief
in God. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
Copan, Paul; & William Lane Craig, eds.
Passionate Conviction:
Modern Discourses on Christian Apologetics .
Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2007. Essays by Moreland, Wright, Beckwith, Habermas, N. T. Wright, etc.
Corduan, Winfried. No Doubt About It: The Case for Christianity. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997.
*Cowan, Steven B., ed. Five Views on Apologetics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000. (The classical, evidential,
presuppositional, Reformed epistemology, and cumulative case methods.)
*Craig, William Lane. Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics, 3rd. ed. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 2008;
original edition: Apologetics: An Introduction, Chicago: Moody, 1984;
Dembski, William A., and Jay Wesley Richards, eds. Unapologetic Apologetics: Meeting the Challenges of Theological
Studies. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2001. Exposes naturalistic presuppositions of mainline theology as
related to contextualism, errancy, feminism, incarnation, universalism.
Dembski, William A.; and Thomas Schirrmacher, eds. Tough-Minded Christianity: Honoring the Legacy of John Warwick
Montgomery. Nashville: Broadman & Holman Academic (B&H), 2008.
Edgar, William; & K. Scott Oliphint, eds. Christian Apologetics Past and Present: A Primary Resource Reader, vol. 1, to
1500.
Wheaton, IL:
Crossway, 2009.
Excerpts, e.g., from Justin Martyr, Irenaeus,
Augustine, Anselm,
Savonarola.
Evans, C. Stephen. Why Believe? Reason and Mystery as Pointers to God. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
Faust, David. Taking Truth Next Door: Offering Honest Answers to 21st-Century Seekers. Cincinnati: Standard, 1999.
Fisher, George Park. Manual of Christian Evidences. New York: Scribner’s, 1897.
Follis, Bryan A. Truth with Love: The Apologetics of Francis Schaeffer. Wheaton: Crossway, 2006.
Frame, John. Apologetics to the Glory of God: An Introduction. Phillipsburg, N.J.: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1994. A
good modern presentation of presuppositional apologetics. Highly regarded by D. A. Carson.
*Gardner, H. Lynn. Christianity Stands True: A Common Sense Look at the Evidence. Joplin, Mo.: College Press, 1994.
*Gardner, H. Lynn. Commending and Defending Christian Faith: An Introduction to Christian Apologetics . Joplin, MO:
College Press, 2011. A major work dealing with foundational issues in apologetics.
*Geisler, Norman L. Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics. Grand Baker, 1999. A fine evangelical reference
work.
*Geisler, Norman L. Christian Apologetics. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1976. (Revised edition, 1988.)
*Geisler, Norman L., and Ron Brooks. When Skeptics Ask: A Handbook of Christian Evidences. Grand Baker, 1990.
Geisler, Norman L.; & Chad V. Meister, eds. Reasons for Faith: Making a Case for the Christian Faith . Wheaton:
Crossway, 2007.
*Geisler, Norman L., and William D. Watkins. Worlds Apart: A Handbook on World Views. 2 ed. Grand Rapids: Baker,
1989.
Glynn, Patrick. God: The Evidence -- The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a PostsecularWorld . Rocklin, Calif.:
Prima Publishing, 1997. A very popular and well-reviewed book that claims the scientific discoveries of the past 25
years have supported the existence of God.
*Groothuis, Douglas. Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Faith . Downers Grove: IVP, 2011.
720p.
Hamilton, Floyd. The Basis of Christian Faith, rev. ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1964.
Hoover, Arlie J. Dear Agnos: Letters to an Agnostic In Defense of Christianity. Joplin, Mo.: College Press, 1992, orig.
Dear Agnos: A Defense of Christianity, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1976. Church of Christ author.
House, H. Wayne; & Joseph M. Holden. Charts of Apologetics & Christian Evidences. Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
2006.
Hunt, Dave. In Defense of the Faith: Biblical Answers to Challenging Questions. Eugene, Or.: Harvest, 1996.
Kreeft, Peter and Ronald K. Tacelli. Handbook of Christian Apologetics. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1994. A miniencyclopedia of apologetics.
Lewis, Gordon Russell. Testing Christianity’s Truth Claims: Approaches to Christian Apologetics. Chicago: Moody, 1976.
Reprint: Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1990.
*Mayers, Ronald. Both/And: A Balanced Apologetic. Chicago: Moody, 1984. Reprint: Balanced Apologetics: Using
Evidences and Presuppositions in Defense of the Faith. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publishing, 1996.
*McDowell, Josh. The New Evidence That Demands a Verdict. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1999.
McGrath, Alister. A Passion for Truth. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1996.
McGrath, Alister. Glimpsing the Face of God. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002.
McGrath, Alister. Intellectuals Don’t Need God and Other Modern Myths: Building Bridges to Faith Through Apologetics .
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993.
Meister, Chad V.; and Khaldoun A. Sweis, eds. Christian Apologetics: An Anthology of Primary Sources. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 2012.
50+ selections.
Moreland, J. P. Scaling the Secular City. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987.
Morris, Henry. Many Infallible Proofs. 2 edition. Green Forest: Master Books, 1996.
Morris, Thomas V. Francis Schaeffer’s Apologetic: A Critique. Chicago: Moody, 1976.
Murray, Michael J., ed.
Reason for the Hope Within. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1999.
By American Christian
philosophers. Many relevant chapters.
Nash, Ronald.
Faith and Reason: Searching for a Rational Faith. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1988. Very good
conservative introduction.
Nash, Ronald. Worldviews in Conflict: Choosing Christianity in a World of Ideas. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992.
Phillips, Timothy R. and Dennis L. Okholm, eds. Christian Apologetics in a Postmodern World. Downers Grove, Ill.:
InterVarsity, 1995.
Pinnock, Clark. Reason Enough: A Case for the Christian Faith. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1980.
Pinnock, Clark. Set Forth Your Case: Studies in Christian Apologetics. Nutley, N.J.: Craig Press, 1968.
Powell, Doug. Holman QuickSource Guide to Christian Apologetics. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2006.
7
Ramm, Bernard. A Christian Appeal to Reason. Waco, Tx.: Word, 1977.
Ramm, Bernard. Protestant Christian Evidences. Chicago: Moody, 1959.
Ramm, Bernard. Varieties of Christian Apologetics. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1973.
*Schaeffer, Francis A. The God Who Is There. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1968. (30th anniversary edition, with
introduction by James Sire, 1998.)
Sire, James W. A Little Primer on Humble Apologetics. Downers Grove: IVP, 2006. “Little” is right: 112pp.
Sire, James W. Why Good Arguments Often Fail: Making a More Persuasive Case for Christ . Downers Grove: IVP,
2006.
*Sproul, R. C., et al. Classical Apologetics: A Rational Defense of the Christian Faith and a Critique of Presuppositional
Evidences. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984.
*Sproul, R. C. Defending Your Faith: An Introduction to Apologetics. Wheaton: Crossway, 2003. An apologetics
primer.
Stackhouse, John G. Humble Apologetics: Defending the Faith Today. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Story, Dan. Defending Your Faith: Reliable Answers for a New Generation of Seekers and Spiritual Seekers . Grand
Rapids: Kregel, 1998.
Taylor, James E. Introducing Apologetics: Cultivating Christian Commitment. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2006.
Thomas, J. D. Facts and Faith, Volume 1: Reason, Science and Faith . Abilene: Biblical Research Press, 1965. Church
of Christ.
*Thompson, Bert. Rock-Solid Faith: How To Build It (vol. I). Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press, 2000.
*Thompson, Bert. Rock-Solid Faith: How To Sustain It (vol. II). Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press, 2002.
Trueblood, Elton. A Place to Stand. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.
Van Til, Cornelius.
Christian Apologetics. Second edition, ed. William Edgar. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and
Reformed, 2003. Presuppositionalism.
Van Til, Cornelius. The Defense of the Faith. Phillipsburg, N. J.: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1967. Presuppositional
apologetics, according to its founder.
Warfield, Benjamin B. “On Faith in its Psychological Aspects,” in Biblical and Theological Studies. Philadelphia: The
Presbyterian and Reformed Co., 1952, pp. 375-403.
Zacharias, Ravi. A Shattered Visage: The Real Face of Atheism. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993.
*Zacharias, Ravi. Can Man Live Without God? Waco, Tx.: Word, 1994..
Zuck, Roy. Vital Apologetics Issues. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1996.
Zustiak, Gary. Reasons To Believe: From Facts to Faith. Joplin, MO: College Press, 1998.
General Philosophy / Philosophy of Religion
8
Adler, Mortimer. Ten Philosophical Mistakes, rev. ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.
Alston, William P.
Divine Nature and Human Language: Essays in Philosophical Theology . Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell
University Press, 1989.
Alston, William P. A Realist Conception of Truth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Alston, William P. The Reliability of Sense Perception. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. Aims to show that
epistemologists cannot have a convincing, noncircular defense of the reliability of sense perception.
Anselm, St. Basic Writings: Proslogium, Monologium, Gaunilon’s: On Behalf of the Fool, Cur Deus Homo, Translated by
S. W. Deane. 2d ed.. LaSalle, Ill.: Open Court, 1962.
Audi, Robert, and William J. Wainwright, eds. Rationality, Religious Belief, and Moral Commitment: New Essays in the
Philosophy of Religion. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1986. Authors include Mavrodes and Plantinga.
Bartholomew, David. Uncertain Beliefs: Is It Rational to be a Christian? New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Evaluates the evidence for probability.
*Beckwith, Francis J., William Lane Craig, and J. P. Moreland. To Everyone an Answer: A Case for the Christian
Worldview. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2004.
*Beckwith, Francis J., and Gregory Koukl. Relativism: Feet Firmly Planted in Mid-Air. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998.
Focuses especially on moral absolutes.
Beilby, James K., ed. For Faith and Clarity: Philosophical Contributions to Christian Theology . Grand Rapids: Baker,
2006.
Bush, L. Rush. A Handbook for Christian Philosophy. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1991.
Copan, Paul. “True for You, But Not for Me.” Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1998.
Cosgrove, Mark P.
Foundations of Christian Thought: Faith, Learning, and the Christian Worldview . Grand Rapids:
Kregel, 2006.
Centore, F. F. Being and Becoming: A Critique of Postmodernism. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing, 1991.
Christian, James L. Philosophy: An Introduction to the Art of Wondering . 3 ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
1981. Thoroughly humanistic.
Clark, Kelly James, ed. Philosophers Who Believe: The Spiritual Journeys of Eleven Leading Thinkers . Downers Grove,
Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1993. Includes Plantinga, Swinburne, Adler, Stephen Davis, and Basil Mitchell.
*Craig, William Lane; & J. P. Moreland. Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove: IVP,
2003.
Davis, T. Stephen. Christian Philosophical Theology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
DeWeese, Garrett J. Doing Philosophy as a Christian. Downers Grove: IVP, 2011. Introduction to philosophy for
Christians.
*DeWeese. Gareth J.; & J. P. Moreland. Philosophy Made Slightly Less Difficult: A Beginner’s Guide to Life’s Big
Questions. Downers Grove: IVP, 2005.
*Erickson, Millard J. Postmodernizing the Faith: Evangelical Responses to the Challenge of Postmodernism. Grand
9
Rapids: Baker, 1998.
*Evans, C. Stephen; and R. Zachary Manis.. Philosophy of Religion: Thinking About Faith. 2 ed. Downers Grove, Ill.:
InterVarsity, 2009.
Evans, C. Stephen. The Quest for Faith: Reason and Mystery as Pointers to God. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity,
1986.
Ewing, A.C. The Fundamental Questions of Philosophy. New York: Macmillan, 1951.
Flescher, Andrew M., & Daniel L. Worthen. The Altruistic Species: Scientific, Philosophical, and Religious Perspectives
of Human Benevolence. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Foundation Press, 2007.
*Geisler, Norman L., and Paul Feinberg. Introduction to Philosophy: A Christian Perspective , 2 ed. Grand Rapids,
Baker, 1987. Systematic discussion of knowledge, reality, the ultimate, the right.
Geisler, Norman L., and Ronald M. Brooks. Come Let Us Reason. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990. A good introduction to
the rules of logic.
*Geisler, Norman L., and Winfried Corduan . Philosophy of Religion, 2 ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1988. (First ed.,
without Corduan: Zondervan, 1974.)
Geivett, R. Douglas and Brenden Sweetman, eds. Contemporary Perspectives on Religious Epistemology. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1992.
Greer, Robert C. Mapping Postmodernism: A Survey of Christian Options. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2003.
Helm, Paul. Faith with Reason . New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
*Hick, John. Philosophy of Religion. 2d ed. Paramus, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973. (4 ed., 1990.)
Holmes, Arthur. All Truth Is God’s Truth. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977.
Horner, David A. Mind Your Faith: A Student’s Guide to Thinking & Living Well. Downers Grove: IVP, 2011. A guide
to thinking critically and coherently, to unpacking worldviews, and to discerning truth.
Huffman, Douglas S., ed. Christian Contours: How a Biblical Worldview Shapes the Mind and Heart. Grand Rapids;
Kregel, 2011.
James, William. The Will to Believe: And Other Essays in Popular Philosophy. New York: Dover Pub., 1956.
Joad, C.E.M. Guide to Philosophy. London: V. Gollancz, 1955.
Kreeft, Peter. The Journey: A Spiritual Roadmap for Modern Pilgrims. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1997.
Lindsley, Art. True Truth: Defending Absolute Truth in a Relativistic World. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2004.
McCallum, Dennis, ed. The Death of Truth: Finding your Way Through the Maze of Multiculturalism, Inclusivism, and the
New Postmodern Diversity. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1996..
McGrath, Alistair. A Passion for Truth. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1996.
Mitchell, Basil. The Justification of Religious Belief. London: Macmillan, 1973.
*Moreland, J. P. Love Your God with All Your Mind: The Role of Reason in the Life of the Soul . Colorado Springs,
Colo.: NavPress, 1997.
*Moreland, J. P., and William Lane Craig. Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove:
10
InterVarsity Press, 2003.
Morris, Thomas V. The Logic of God Incarnate. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1986.
Morris, Thomas V., ed. Divine and Human Action: Essays on the Metaphysics of Theism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University
Press, 1988.
*Nash, Ronald H. Faith and Reason: Searching For a Rational Faith. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1988.
*Nash, Ronald H.. Life’s Ultimate Questions: An Introduction to Philosophy. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1999.
Newport, John P. Life’s Ultimate Questions: A Contemporary Philosophy of Religion. Waco: Word, 1989.
Okholm, Dennis L. Invitation to Philosophy: Issues and Options, 7th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1995.
Otto, Rudolf. The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry into the Non-rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine and its Relation to
the Rational. London: Oxford University Press, 1929. 2nd ed., 1952.
Peterson, Michael, et al. Reason and Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, 2d ed. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1997.
Phillips, Timothy R. and Dennis L. Okholm, eds. Christian Apologetics in the Postmodern World. Downers Grove, Ill.:
InterVarsity, 1995. Contains the notorious article by Philip Kenneson defending postmodernism.
Plantinga, Alvin. Warrant and Proper Function. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Pojman, Louis P., ed.
Philosophy of Religion, 4th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing, 1997. An excellent
anthology of modern issues.
Pruss, Alexander R. The Principle of Sufficient Reason: A Reassessment. New York: Cambridge University Press,
2006. Defends the claim that every true contingent proposition must have an explanation.
Reese, W. L.
Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought .
Atlantic Highlands, NJ:
Humanities Press, 1980.
Sanders, Phil. Adrift: Postmodernism in the Church. Nashville: Gospel Advocate.
Sire, James W. Naming the Elephant: Worldview as a Concept. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2004.
*Sire, James W. The Universe Next Door: A Basic Worldview Catalogue. Fifth ed. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2009.
Sire, James W. Why Should Anyone Believe Anything At All? Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1994.
Springsted, Eric O. The Act of Faith: Christian Faith and the Moral Self. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.
Sunshine, Glenn S. Why You Think the Way You Do: The Story of Western Worldviews from Rome to Home . Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 2009.
*Thiselton, Anthony C. A Concise Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Religion. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2005.
Titus, Harold Hopper, et al. Living Issues in Philosophy: An Introductory Textbook, 7th ed. New York: Van Nostrand,
1979. Secular orientation.
*Trueblood, D. Elton. General Philosophy. New York: Harper & Row, 1963, reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1976. The
first six chapters are especially good.
Trueblood, D. Elton. Philosophy of Religion. New York: Harper & Row, 1957.
11
Taylor, Daniel. The Myth of Certainty. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992.
Veith, Gene. Postmodern Times: A Christian Guide to Contemporary Thought and Culture . Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway,
1994.
Wood, W. Jay. Epistemology: Becoming Intellectually Virtuous. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1998.
Yandell, Keith. Christianity and Philosophy. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984.
Young, Warren C. A Christian Approach to Philosophy. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1954. Reprint, 1980.
Zagzebski, Linda, ed. Rational Faith: Catholic Responses to Reformed Epistemology. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of
Notre Dame Press, 1993. Catholic philosophers respond to Plantinga, Wolterstorff, Mavrodes, etc.
Supernatural / Religious Experience
Alston, William P. Perceiving God: The Epistemology of Religious Experience. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press,
1993. Says that direct experiential awareness of God makes a major contribution to the grounds for religious
belief.
Clouser, Roy. Knowing With the Heart: Religious Experience and Belief in God . Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1998.
Faith based on experience.
Cottrell, Jack. “Mystical Cults,” The Lookout, 3/12/78, 9-11.
Davis, Caroline F. The Evidential Force of Religious Experience. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Says the
burden of proof is on the skeptic.
Evans, Stephen. Subjectivity and Religious Belief. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978.
Fuller, John G. Arigo: Surgeon of the Rusty Knife. New York: Pocket Books, 1975.
Gellman, Jerome I. Experience of God and the Rationality of Theistic Belief. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Gellman, Jerome I. Mystical Experiences with God: A Philosophical Enquiry. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2001.
Gutting, Gary. Religious Belief and Religious Skepticism. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame, 1982.
Hagerty, Barbara Bradley. Fingerprints of God: The Search for the Science of Spirituality . Riverhead, 2009. “Do
mystical experiences point to God or to mere brain chemistry?”
Hick, John. The Existence of God: Readings. New York: Macmillan, 1964.
James, William. The Varieties of Religious Experience. New York: Modern Library, 1902.
Koch, Kurt E. The Devil’s Alphabet. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1972.
Koch, Kurt E. Occult Bondage and Deliverance. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1972.
Mavrodes, George I.
Belief in God: A Study in the Epistemology of Religion . New York: Random House, 1970.
Reprint: Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1981. Evangelical.
McGregor, Pedro. Jesus of the Spirits. New York: Stein & Day, 1966.
Means, Pat. The Mystical Maze. San Bernardino, Calif.: Campus Crusade, 1976.
Middlemiss, David.
Interpreting Charismatic Experience. London: SCM, 1996. Asks, “If a person claims to have
12
encountered God in his or her experience, how can one tell if this is what has really occurred?” (vii) Says the
burden of proof is on the one having the experience.
*North, Gary. Unholy Spirits: Occultism and New Age Humanism. Fort Worth: Dominion Press, 1986; reprint, Tyler, TX:
Institute for Christian Economics, 1994.
Very useful.
Otto, Rudolf. The Idea of the Holy, translated by J. W. Harvey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1923.
*Schaeffer, Francis A. The God Who Is There. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1968. (30th anniversary edition, with
introduction by James Sire, 1998.)
Stearn, Jess. Edgar Cayce: The Sleeping Prophet. New York: Doubleday, 1967; pb. ed., New York: Bantam, 1968;
reprint, Virginia Beach: A. R. E., 1997.
Stearn, Jess. Prophet in His Own Country. New York: Ballantine Books, 1974; New York: Bantam, 1989.
Sugrue, Thomas. The Story of Edgar Cayce: There Is a River. New York: Dell, 1967; Virginia Beach: A. R. E. Press,
1997.
Taylor, A. E. “The Argument from Religious Experience.” In The Existence of God, edited by John H. Hick, pp. 153-64.
New York: Macmillan, 1964.
*Trueblood, D. Elton. General Philosophy. New York: Harper and Row, 1963; reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1976.
Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism. New York: New American Library, 1955.
Wainwright, William J. “Mysticism and Sense Perception.” In Contemporary Philosophy of Religion, edited by Stephen M.
Cahn and David Shatz, pp. 123-45. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Wainwright, William J.
Mysticism: A Study of its Nature, Cognitive Value and Moral Implications . Madison, Wis.:
University of Wisconsin Press, 1981.
Existence of God (See also Science, below.)
Adams, Robert. “Moral Arguments for Theistic Belief.” In Rationality and Religious Belief, ed. C. F. Delaney, pp. 116-40.
Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979.
Adler, Mortimer. How to Think About God: A Guide for the 20th Century Pagan. New York: Macmillan, 1980. Defends a
version of the cosmological argument.
Barnes, Jonathan. The Ontological Argument. London: Macmillan, 1972.
Barrow, John D. and Frank J. Tipler. The Anthropic Cosmological Principle. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
*Behe, Michael. Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. New York: The Free Press, 1996.
Behe, Michael, William Dembski, and Stephen Meyer. Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe. Ft. Collins,
CO: Ignatius Press, 2000.
Braine, D. The Reality of Time and the Existence of God: The Project of Proving God’s Existence. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1988.
Broom Neil. How Blind Is the Watchmaker: Nature’s Design and the Limits of Naturalistic Science. Downers Grove:
13
InterVarsity, 2001. A biomechanics scientist shows that scientific materialism cannot account for the origin of
life.
Burgess, Stuart. Hallmarks of Design: Evidence of Design in the Natural World. Evangelical Press, 2000.
Burrill, Donald, ed. The Cosmological Argument. New York: Doubleday, 1967. A good anthology, including both the
cosmological and teleological arguments.
Corey, Michael E. God and the New Cosmology: The Anthropic Design Argument. Lanham, Md: University Press of
America, 1993. Says recently-discovered physical and cosmological facts prove the existence of God beyond
reasonable doubt.
Craig, William Lane. The Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibnitz. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1980; reprint;
Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.
Craig, William Lane; & Chad Meister, eds. God Is Great, God Is Good: Why Believing in God Is Reasonable and
Responsible. Downers Grove: IVP, 2010.
*Craig, William Lane. The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe. San Bernardino, CA: Here’s Life, 1979.
A beginner’s version of the following classic work on the cosmological argument.
*Craig William Lane. The Kalam Cosmological Argument. NY: Barnes & Noble, 1979; reprint, Eugene, OR: Wipf and
Stock.
Craig, William Lane. “The Teleological Argument and the Anthropic Principle.” In The Logic of Rational Theism. eds.
William L. Craig and M. McLeod. Lewiston, N.Y. Edwin Mellen, 1990. Pp. 127-53.
Craig, William Lane, and Antony Flew. Does God Exist? The Craig-Flew Debate, ed. Stan W. Wallace. Brookville, VT:
Ashgate Publishing 2003.
Craig, William Lane, and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong. God? A Debate Between and Christian and an Atheist. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2004.
*Craig, William Lane and Quentin Smith. Theism, Atheism, and Big Bang Cosmology. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1993. Craig argues that God caused the Big Bang; Smith argues that it had no cause.
*Davis, Stephen T. God, Reason, and Theistic Proofs. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.
Davis, Stephen T. Logic and the Nature of God. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983.
*Dembski, William A. Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science and Theology . Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity,
1999.
*Dembski, William A., ed. Mere Creation: Science, Faith, and Intelligent Design . Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press,
1998.
Dembski, William, and James Kushiner, eds. Signs of Intelligence: Understanding Intelligent Design . Grand Rapids:
Brazos Press, 2001.
Dembski, William A., and Michael R. Licona, eds. Evidence for God: 50 Arguments for Faith from the Bible, History,
Philosophy, and Science. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2010.
Dombrowski, Daniel A. Rethinking the Ontological Argument: A Neoclassical Theistic Response . New York: Cambridge
14
University Press, 2006. Defends the argument from the direction of process philosophy.
Evans, C. Stephen. Natural Signs and Knowledge of God: A New Look at Theistic Arguments. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2010.
Gale, Richard. On the Nature and Existence of God. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Survey of recent
arguments.
Geisler, Norman, and Frank Turek. I Don’t Have Enough Faith To Be an Atheist. Wheaton: Crossway, 2004.
Hick, John H., ed. Arguments for the Existence of God. Philosophy of Religion series. New York: Herder, 1971.
*Hick, John H., The Existence of God: Readings. New York: Macmillan, 1964.
Holder, Rodney D.
God, the Multiverse, and Everything:
Burlington, VT:
Ashgate, 2004.
Modern Cosmology and the Argument from Design .
Says divine design is the best explanation for cosmic fine-tuning and
cosmological data in general.
Hume, David. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1947. An unbeliever seeks to
refute the arguments.
*Jastrow, Robert. God and the Astronomers. New York: Warner Books, 1978. Reprint: New York: W. W. Norton,
1992.
*Layman, C. Stephen. Letters to Doubting Thomas: A Case for the Existence of God . New York: Oxford University
Press, 2006.
Mavrodes, George I. Belief in God: A Study in the Epistemology of Religion . Lanham, Md.: University Press of America,
1981; reprint of 1970 Random House edition. Mavrodes is an evangelical philosopher.
Messer, Richard. Does God’s Existence Need Proof? New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Miethe, Terry L. Why Believe? God Exists: Rethinking the Case for God and Christianity. Joplin, Mo.: College Press,
1993.
Miethe, Terry and Antony Flew. Does God Exist? A Believer and an Atheist Debate. San Francisco: Harper & Row,
1991.
Foreword by Hans Kung; essays by Alfred Ayer and R. Swinburne. Miethe is a scholar from the
Christian Church/Church of Christ.
Mitchell, Basil. Morality: Religious and Secular. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
*Mixie, Joseph R. The Atheist Trap. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1994. How God’s existence can be
proved in today’s world, by today’s standards. History of design arguments. Praised by John J. Davis.
Moreland, J. P and Kai Nielsen.
Does God Exist?
The Debate Between Theists and Atheists . Buffalo, N.Y.:
Prometheus Press, 1993. Debate between Moreland and the atheist Nielsen, with contributions of some other
notable philosophers like Antony Flew and William Lane Craig. Moreland is regarded by both sides as the
“victor.”
Moreland, J. P., ed.
The Creation Hypothesis: Scientific Evidences for an Intelligent Designer . Grand Rapids:
InterVarsity, 1994. Scientific and other experts consider philosophical arguments as to whether it is possible to
know if an intelligent Designer had a role in Creation.
15
Paley, William. “Natural Theology,” in The Works of William Paley. New ed. Philadelphia: J. J. Woodward, 1841, 387487.
Plantinga, Alvin. God and Other Minds: A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in God. Contemporary Philosophers
series. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967.
Plantinga, Alvin. The Nature of Necessity. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974. Classic presentation of the ontological
argument.
Plantinga, Alvin, ed. The Ontological Argument from St. Anselm to Contemporary Philosopher . Garden City, N.Y.:
Doubleday, 1965.
Plantinga, Alvin and Nicholas Wolterstorff, eds. Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. Notre Dame: University
of Notre Dame Press, 1984.
Prevost, Robert. Probability and Theistic Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Compares the views of
Basil Mitchell and Richard Swinburne.
Ratzsch, Del. Nature, Design, and the Sciences: The Status of Design in Natural Science. Ithaca, NY: State University
of New York Press, 2001.
Definition, scientific criteria, and philosophical defense of some intelligent
supernatural design by a Calvin College professor of philosophy.
Reichenbach, Bruce R. The Cosmological Argument: A Reassessment. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1972.
Ross, Hugh. Creation and Time. Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1994.
Ross, Hugh. The Creator and the Cosmos. 2 ed. Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1995.
Rowe, William L. The Cosmological Argument. New York: Fordham University Press, 1988.
*Schaeffer, Francis A. The God Who Is There. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1968. 30th anniversary edition, with
introduction by James Sire, 1998.
Shanks, Niall. God, the Devil, and Darwin: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory. New York: Oxford University Press,
2004. Introduction and attempted refutation. Foreword by Richard Dawkins.
Spitzer, Robert J. New Proofs for the Existence of God. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010.
*Strobel, Lee. The Case for a Creator. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004.
Swinburne, Richard.
The Coherence of Theism, rev. ed.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 (1977).
Philosophically defends a view of God compatible with Biblical theism.
Swinburne, Richard. The Existence of God. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991 (revised ed., 1979). A defense of
theism. Includes two new appendices.
*Swinburne, Richard. Is There a God? New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Simplified version of The Existence of
God. Praised by evangelicals. Uses scientific reasoning to establish God’s existence.
Tennant, F. R. Philosophical Theology. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928-30. Includes a defense of
a modified teleological argument.
Thompson, Bert and Wayne Jackson. The Case for the Existence of God. Montgomery, Ala: Apologetics Press, 1995.
Wallace, Stan W., ed. Does God Exist? The Craig-Flew Debate. Brookville, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2003.
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Reliability of Scripture
Aland, Kurt, and Barbara Aland. The Text of the New Testament, 2d ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.
*Archer, Gleason L. Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982.
Barfield, Kenny. The Prophet Motive: Examine the Reliability of the Biblical Prophets. Nashville: Gospel Advocate, 1995.
Barnett, Paul. Is the New Testament Reliable? 2 ed. Downers Grove: IVP, 2005.
Bauckham, Richard. Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
2006.
Beilby, James K., & Paul Rhodes Eddy, eds. The Historical Jesus: Five Views. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2009.
Black, David A. and David S. Dockery, eds. New Testament Criticism and Interpretation. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1991.
*Blomberg, Craig L. The Historical Reliability of John’s Gospel: Issues & Commentary. Downers Grove: IVP, 2002.
*Blomberg, Craig L. The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. 2 ed. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 2007.
Borg, Marcus. Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship. Valley Forge, Pa.: Trinity Free Press, 1994. A Jesus Seminar
member’s perspective.
Boyd, Gregory A. Cynic, Sage or Son of God?. Wheaton, Ill.: Victor, 1995.
*Brantley, Garry K. Digging for Answers: Has Archaeology Disproved the Bible? Montgomery, Ala.: Apologetics Press,
1995.
Bruce, F. F. Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.
*Bruce, F. F. The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?, 5th ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1960.
Carson, D. A. and John D. Woodbridge, eds. Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986.
Carson, D. A. and John D. Woodbridge, eds. Scripture and Truth. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983; reprint, Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1992. Scholarly conservative essays on inerrancy
*Copan, Paul, ed. Will the Real Jesus Please Stand Up? A Debate Between William Lane Craig and John Dominic
Crossan. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998. Includes dialog between evangelicals and members of the Jesus Seminar
on the resurrection of Christ.
Cottrell, Jack. Solid: The Authority of God’s Word. Cincinnati, OH: Standard Publishing, 1978; reprint, The Authority of
the Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979; reprint, Solid: The Authority of God’s Word. Joplin : College Press, 1991.
Crossan, John Dominic.
The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant. San Francisco:
HarperCollins, 1991. Crossan is the co-founder of the Jesus Seminar.
Dunn, James D. G. The Evidence for Jesus. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1985.
*Eddy, Paul Rhodes; & Gregory A. Boyd. The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus
Tradition. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2007.
17
Evans, C. Stephen.
The Historical Christ & The Jesus of Faith: The Incarnational Narrative as History . Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1996.
France, R. T. The Evidence for Jesus. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1986.
France, R. T. “The Gospels as Historical Sources for Jesus, the Founder of Christianity,” Truth 1 (1985): 81-87.
France, R. T., David Wenham, and Craig Blomberg, eds. Gospel Perspectives. 6 vols. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of
the New Testament, 1980-86. Highly recommended scholarly evangelical response to the Jesus Seminar.
*Geisler, Norman L., ed. Inerrancy. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979. The definitive conservative defense of inerrancy.
*Geisler, Norman L. and Thomas Howe. When Critics Ask: A Popular Handbook on Bible Difficulties. Wheaton: Victor,
1992.
Green, Joel B., Scot McKnight, and I. Howard Marshall, eds. Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels. Downers Grove, Ill.:
InterVarsity, 1992.
Green, Michael. Was Jesus Who He Said He Was? Ann Arbor, : Servant Publishing, 1989.
Greenleaf, Simon. The Testimony of the Evangelists: The Gospels Examined by the Rules of Evidence. Grand Rapids:
Kregel, 1995 reprint. Legal procedures of the trial of Jesus.
*Habermas, Gary R. The Historical Jesus: Ancient Evidence for the Life of Christ. Joplin, Mo.: College Press, 1996.
Defends the historical accuracy of the evangelical view of Christ given in the Gospels. Uses archaeology, textual,
and extra-biblical evidence.
Habermas, Gary R. The Verdict of History. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1988.
Harbin, Michael A. “Historicity as Apologetic: The Cutting Edge,” in Bauman, Michael, et al., Evangelical Apologetics.
Camp Hill, PA: Christian Publications, 1996, pp. 135-161.
Jones, Timothy Paul. Misquoting Truth: A Guide to the Fallacies of Bart Ehrman’s Misquoting Jesus. Downers Grove:
IVP, 2007.
*Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. The Old Testament Documents: Are They Reliable and Relevant? Downers Grove: InterVarsity,
2001.
Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. Recovering the Unity of the Bible: One Continuous Story, Plan, and Purpose . Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 2009.
*Kitchen, K. A. On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.
Linnemann, Eta. Biblical Criticism on Trial, tr. Robert Yarbrough. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2001. A converted liberal
reveals the unproven hypotheses and unscientific nature of destructive criticism.
Linnemann, Eta.
Historical Criticism of the Bible: Methodology or Ideology? Reflections of a Bultmannian Turned
Evangelical, tr. Robert Yarbrough. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2001.
*Lyons, Eric. The Anvil Rings: Answers to Alleged Bible Discrepancies (vol. 1). Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press,
2003. Marshall, I. Howard. I Believe in the Historical Jesus. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977.
Marshall, I. Howard. The Origins of New Testament Christology. Issues in Contemporary Theology series. Downers
Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1976.
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*McDowell, Josh. The New Evidence that Demands a Verdict. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1999.
McGarvey, J.W. Evidences of Christianity. Nashville: Gospel Advocate Co., 1956.
Mitton, C. Leslie. Jesus: The Facts Behind the Faith. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.
Nash, Ronald H. The Word of God and the Mind of Man. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982.
*Roberts, Mark D.
Can We Trust the Gospels? Investigating the Reliability of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
Wheaton: Crossway, 2007.
Robinson, John A. T. Redating the New Testament. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976.
*Sheler, Jeffrey L. Is the Bible True? How Modern Debates and Discoveries Affirm the Essence of the Scriptures. New
York: HarperSanFrancisco and Zondervan, 1999. Good conservative overview.
Stanton, G. N. Jesus of Nazareth in New Testament Preaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
Stein, Robert H. Difficult Passages in the Gospels. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984.
Strobel, Lee, et al. The Case for Christ: A Journalist’s Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1998. Strobel is a journalist.
Strobel, Lee. The Case for the Real Jesus: A Journalist Investigates Current Attacks on the Identity of Christ. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 2007.
Twelftree, Graham H. Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical and Theological Study. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity,
1999.
Van Voorst, Robert E. Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence for Jesus . Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000.
Vos, Howard F. Can I Trust The Bible? Chicago: Moody, 1968.
*Wartick, Wallace W. New Testament Evidences. Joplin, Mo.: College Press, 1975. A revision of J. W. McGarvey,
Christian Evidences.
Wilkins, Michael J. and J. P. Moreland, eds. Jesus Under Fire: Modern Scholarship Reinvents the Historical Jesus.
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995.
Wright, N. T. The Challenge of Jesus: Rediscovering Who Jesus Was and Is. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1999.
Wright, N. T. The New Testament and the People of God. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992.
Wright, N. T. Who Was Jesus? London: SPCK, 1992.
Yamauchi, Edwin. The Stones and the Scriptures. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1972.
Miracles
Birks, T. R. The Bible and Modern Thought. Cincinnati: Curts and Jennings, 1861.
Broad, C. D. “Hume’s Theory of the Credibility of the Miracles.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 17 (1916-17).
Brown, Colin. Miracles and the Critical Mind. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984.
Brown, Colin. That You May Believe: Miracles and Faith, Then and Now. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.
19
Burns, Robert M. The Great Debate on Miracles. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1981.
Corner, Mark. Signs of God: Miracles and Their Interpretation. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005.
Cottrell, Jack. What the Bible Says About God the Ruler. Joplin, MO: College Press, 1984. Chapter six, “Miracles.”
Earman, John. Hume’s Abject Failure: The Argument Against Miracles. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Flew, Antony. “Miracles.” In Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan, 1966. An
atheist’s perspective and examination of the issue.
Fuller, Daniel. “The Fundamental Presupposition of the Historical Method,” Theologische Zeitschrift, (Marz/April 1968):
93-101.
Shows how the integrity
of the historical method does not require eliminating the possibility of
miracles.
Geisler, Norman L. Miracles and Modern Thought. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982.
Geisler, Norman L. Miracles and the Modern Mind. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992.
*Geivett, R. Douglas and Gary Habermas, eds. In Defense of Miracles: A Comprehensive Case For God’s Action in
History. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1997.
*Lewis, C. S. Miracles: A Preliminary Study, 2d ed. New York: Macmillan, 1947.
McCaslin, Keith. What the Bible Says About Miracles. Joplin, Mo.: College Press, 1988.
Moule, Charles F. D., ed. Miracles: Cambridge Studies in Their Philosophy and History. London: Mowbray, 1965.
Nowell-Smith, Patrick. “Miracles.” In New Essays in Philosophical Theology, edited by Antony Flew and Alasdair
MacIntyre. London: Macmillan, 1955. Another atheist perspective.
Smart, Ninian. Philosophers and Religious Truth. Ch. 2. London: SCM, 1964. Strong defense of the logical possibility
of miracles.
Swinburne, Richard. The Concept of Miracle. New York: Macmillan, 1970.
Resurrection of Christ / Historical Method
Anderson, J. N. D. Christianity: The Witness of History. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1970.
Anderson, J. N. D. A Lawyer Among the Theologians. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973.
Barbet, Pierre. A Doctor at Calvary. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Image, 1963.
Barth, Karl. Protestant Thought: From Rousseau to Ritschl. New York: Harper, 1959.
Bode, E. L. The First Easter Morning. Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1970.
Braaten, Carl E. “Revelation, History, and Faith in Martin Kaehler”: introductory essay in Kaehler, Martin, The So-Called
Historical Jesus and the Historic, Biblical Christ, tr. Carl E. Braaten. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1964, pp. 138.
Brown, Colin, ed. History, Criticism, and Faith: Four Exploratory Studies. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1976.
Reprint: Bellingham: Regent College, 1995. Contributions by Gordon Wenham, R. T. France, Colin Brown, and
F. F. Bruce.
20
Bultmann, Rudolf. Jesus Christ and Mythology. Paramus, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981. Bultmann represents an extreme
form of the argument that there is no objective evidence for faith.
Butler, Joseph. The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, ed. Joseph Cummings. New York: Eaton and Mains,
1903 (printing of 1875 ed., which is slightly revised from the 1860 ed. prepared by William Fitzgerald. First
edition was published in 1736). Maintains that for finite creatures probability is a sufficient basis for personal
decisions of any kind.
Lessing’s Theological Writings. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1956.
Chadwick, Henry, ed.
Represents the
influential philosophy that history cannot influence faith.
Craig, William Lane. Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus. Studies in
the Bible and Early Christianity 16. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1989.
Craig, William Lane. Knowing the Truth About the Resurrection: Our Response to the Empty Tomb . Ann Arbor: Servant
Publications, 1988.
*Craig, William Lane. The Son Rises. Chicago: Moody Press, 1981.
Davis, Stephen T., et al., eds. The Resurrection: An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Resurrection of Jesus . New
York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Davis, Stephen T. Risen Indeed: Making Sense of the Resurrection. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.
Evans, C. Stephen.
The Historical Christ & The Jesus of Faith: The Incarnational Narrative as History . Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1996. A fine rebuttal of the necessity of making a distinction between the “historical Christ”
and the Jesus of faith.
*Fuller, Daniel P. Easter Faith and History. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965.
Fuller, Daniel P. “The Fundamental Presupposition of the Historical Method,” Theologische Zeitschrift, 24 (Marz/April
1968): 93-101.
Geisler, Norman L. The Battle for the Resurrection. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1989.
Habermas, Gary R. Resurrection of the Body: Historical Fact or Theological Embellishment? Nashville: Broadman &
Holman, 2008.
Brief (112pp.) examination of claims that the bones (or bone-box) of Jesus have been
discovered.
*Habermas, Gary R. The Resurrection of Jesus: An Apologetic. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1980.
Habermas, Gary; & Antony Flew. Did the Resurrection Happen? A Conversation with Gary Habermas and Antony Flew
(Veritas Forum Books). Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2009.
Habermas, Gary R.; & Antony G. N. Flew. Resurrected? An Atheist and Theist Dialogue. Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield, 2005.
*Habermas, Gary R.; & Michael R. Licona. The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2004.
Solid and thorough.
Hanegraaff, Hank. Resurrection. Waco: Word, 2001.
Harbin, Michael A. “Historicity as Apologetic: The Cutting Edge,” in Bauman, Michael, et al., Evangelical Apologetics.
21
Camp Hill, PA: Christian Publications, 1996, pp. 135-161.
Harvey, Van A. The Historian and the Believer: The Morality of Historical Knowledge and Christian Belief . New York:
Macmillan, 1969; reprint, Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1996.
Jeffrey, Grant R. Jesus: The Great Debate. Toronto: Frontier Research Publications, 1999.
Kaehler, Martin. The So-Called Historical Jesus and the Historic Biblical Christ, tr. Carl E. Bratten. Philadelphia: Fortress
Press, 1964. Reprint in Texts in Modern Theology series. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1988. Distinguishes the Jesus
of history from the Christ of faith.
Kierkegaard, Soren. Concluding Unscientific Postscript. trans. David F. Swenson and Walter Lowrie. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1941.
Kierkegaard, Soren. Philosophical Fragments, trans. David F. Swenson. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1936. 2d ed.,
1962.
Kuenneth, Walter. The Theology of the Resurrection. St. Louis: Concordia, 1965. Skeptical of the role of history in
apologetics.
Ladd, George E. I Believe in the Resurrection of Jesus. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975. A conservative writer with a
skeptical opinion of history’s role in Christian apologetics.
Lapide, Pinchas.
The Resurrection of Jesus: A Jewish Perspective. Translated
Wilhelm C. Linss. Minneapolis:
Augsburg, 1983.
Machen, J. Gresham. The Origin of Paul’s Religion. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1925. Reprint, 1947.
Maier, Paul L. First Easter: The True and Unfamiliar Story. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
*McDowell, Josh.
The Resurrection Factor. San Bernardino, CA: Here’s Life Publishers, 1981; Reprint, Nashville:
Thomas Nelson, 1992.
McIntyre, John. The Shape of Christology. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1966.
Miethe, Terry L., ed. Did Jesus Rise From the Dead? The Resurrection Debate . San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1987.
Milligan, William. The Resurrection of Our Lord. 4th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1901.
Moltmann, Juergen. Theology of Hope: On the Ground and Implications of a Christian Eschatology. New York: Harper &
Row, 1967.
*Montgomery, John Warwick.
History and Christianity.
Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1965.
Reprinted as
Christianity and History, Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1986.
Montgomery, John Warwick. Faith Founded on Fact: Essays in Evidential Apologetics. Newburgh: Trinity Bible College &
Trinity Theological Seminary, 1994.
Montgomery, John Warwick.
Where is History Going? A Christian Response to Secular Philosophies of History .
Minneapolis: Bethany, 1976.
Morison, Frank. Who Moved the Stone? Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1988; reprint of 1930 ed.
Nash, Ronald H. Christian Faith and Historical Understanding. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984.
Niebuhr, Richard. Resurrection and Historical Reason: A Study in Theological Method. New York: Scribner’s, 1957.
22
O’Collins, Gerald.
The Resurrection of Jesus Christ. Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1973. [Milwaukee: Marquette
University Press, 1993.] Represents a skeptical view of history’s role in Christian apologetics.
Osborne, Grant R. The Resurrection Narratives: A Redactional Study. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984.
Proctor, William. The Resurrection Report: A Journalist Investigates the Most Debated Event in History . Nashville:
Broadman & Holman, 1998.
Quarles, Charles, ed. Buried Hope or Risen Savior? The Search for the Jesus Tomb . Nashville: Broadman &
Holman, 2008.
Strobel, Lee. The Case for Christ: A Journalist’s Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1998. The award-winning former journalist questions several leading scholars concerning apologetic
issues.
Swinburne, Richard. The Resurrection of God Incarnate. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Tenney, Merrill C. The Reality of the Resurrection. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. Reprint, Chicago: Moody, 1972.
Van Inwagen Peter. The Possibility of Resurrection and Other Essays in Christian Apologetics. Boulder, Colo.: Westview
Publishing, 1998.
Wedderburn, A. J. M. Beyond Resurrection. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1999. Scrutinizes the resurrection of Christ
through the cold hard lens of historical criticism.
Weatherhead, Leslie Dixon. The Resurrection and the Life. New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1948.
Weatherhead, Leslie Dixon. The Manner of the Resurrection in the Light of Modern Science and Psychical Research.
New York: Abingdon Press, 1959.
*Wright, N. T. The Resurrection of the Son of God: Volume 3, Christian Origins and the Question of God . Minneapolis:
Fortress, 2003.
Yamauchi, Edwin. “Easter -- Myth, Hallucination, or History?” (2 parts) Christianity Today, 29 March 1974; 15 April
1974.
Science
Barfield, Kenny. Why the Bible Is Number 1: The World’s Sacred Writings in the Light of Science. Eugene, OR: Wipf
and Stock, 1997.
*Behe, Michael. Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. New York: The Free Press, 1996.
Behe, Michael, William Dembski, and Stephen Meyer. Science and Evidence for Design in the Universe. Ft. Collins,
CO: Ignatius Press, 2000.
Burgess, Stuart. Hallmarks of Design: Evidence of Design in the Natural World. Evangelical Press, 2000.
Clark, Gordon H. The Philosophy of Science and Belief in God. Nutley, N.J.: Craig, 1964.
Clark, R. E. D. Darwin: Before and After. Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 1966.
Collins, C. John. Science and Faith: Friends or Foes? Wheaton: Crossway, 2003.
23
The God Hypothesis: Discovering Design in Our “Just Right” Goldilocks Universe. Lanham, MD:
Corey, Michael.
Rowman & Litlefield, 2002. Defends the anthropic principle and intelligent design.
Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of the Species. New York: New American Library, 1958. Reprint from 1859.
Davis, Jimmy H., et al. Designer Universe: Intelligent Design and the Existence of God . Nashville: Broadman and
Holman, 2002.
Davis, Percival, and Dean H. Kenyon. Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins . Dallas:
Houghton, 1989.
Dawkins, Richard. Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
*Dembski, William A. The Design Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Dembski, William A. The Design Revolution: Answering the Toughest Questions About Intelligent Design . Downers
Grove: InterVarsity, 2004.
*Dembski, William A. Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science and Theology . Downers Grove: InterVarsity,
1999.
*Dembski, William A.; & Jonathan Witt.
Intelligent Design Uncensored:
Controversy. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2010.
An Easy-to-Understand Guide to the
*Dembski, William A., ed. Mere Creation: Science, Faith, and Intelligent Design. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press,
1998.
*Denton, Michael.
Evolution: A Theory in Crisis. Bethesda, MD: Adler and Adler, 1985.
Excellent refutation of
Darwinism by an agnostic.
Denton, Michael. Nature’s Destiny: How the Laws of Biology Reveal Purpose in the Universe. New York: Simon &
Schuster, 1998.
Drees, Willem B. Beyond the Big Bang: Quantum Cosmologies and God . Peru, Ill.: Open Court, 1990. Presents
difficulties in using the Big Bang to “prove” creation.
Enns, Peter. The Evolution of Adam: What the Bible Does and Doesn’t Say About Human Origins. Grand Rapids:
Baker 2010. Reinterpretation of Adam to make the Biblical testimony consistent with evolution
Falk, Darrel R. Coming to Peace with Science: Bridging the Worlds Between Faith and Biology. Downers Grove:
InterVarsity, 2004.
*Fowler, Thomas B.; & Daniel Kuebler. The Evolution Controversy: A Survey of Competing Theories. Grand Rapids:
Baker, 2007. Explains all views.
Geisler, Norman L. and J. Kerby Anderson. Origin Science: A Proposal for the Creation-Evolution Controversy. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1987.
Gish, Duane T. The Challenge of the Fossil Record. El Cajon, Calif.: Master, 1985.
Gish, Duane T. Evolution: The Fossils Still Say No! Green Forest: Master Books, 1996.
Hawking, Stephen. A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. New York: Bantam, 1988.
Heeren, Fred.
Show Me God: What the Message from Space is Telling Us About God . Wheeling, Ill.: Day Star
24
Publishing, 1997. Through his interviews with Steven Hawking and Nobel prize-winning physicists, you'll learn
why many leading cosmologists today are bringing God into the equation.
Holder, Rodney D.
God, the Multiverse, and Everything:
Modern Cosmology and the Argument from Design .
Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004. Argues that divine design is the best explanation for cosmic fine-tuning and
cosmological data.
*House, H. Wayne, ed. Intelligent Design 101: Leading Experts Explain the Key Issues. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2008.
Hoyle, Fred. The Intelligent Universe. London: Joseph, 1985.
Hunter, Cornelius G. Darwin’s Proof: TheTriumph of Religion over Science. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2003.
Jaki, Stanley L. The Road of Science and the Ways to God. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
*Jastrow, Robert. God and the Astronomers. New York: Warner Books, 1978. A secular scientist explains the Big
Bang concept and reflects on its significance for theism.
Jeeves, Malcolm A.; and R. J. Berry. Science, Life, and Christian Belief: A Survey of Contemporary Issues. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1999.
*Johnson, Phillip E. Darwin on Trial. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1991.
*Johnson, Phillip E. Reason in the Balance: The Case Against Naturalism in Science, Law and Education . Downers
Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1995.
Lennox, John C. Seven Days That Divide the World: The Beginning According to Genesis and Science . Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 2011.
Lester, Lane P. and Raymond G. Bohlin. The Natural Limits to Biological Change. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984.
Lubenow, Marvin L. Bones of Contention. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992.
McGrath, Alister E. Dawkins’ God: Genes, Memes, and The Meaning of Life . Williston, VT: Blackwell, 2004.
McGrath, Alister E. Science and Religion: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1999.
McGrath, Alister E.; & Joanna Collicutt McGrath. The Dawkins Delusion? Atheist Fundamentalism and the Denial of the
Divine. Downers Grove: IVP, 2007.
Moreland, J. P. Christianity and the Nature of Science. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1989.
*Moreland, J. P., ed.
The Creation Hypothesis: Scientific Evidences for an Intelligent Designer . Grand Rapids:
InterVarsity, 1994. Scientific and other experts consider philosophical arguments as to whether it is possible to
know if an intelligent Designer had a role in Creation.
Moreland, J. P. and John Mark Reynolds. Three Views on Creation and Evolution. Counterparts series. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1999. Presents the three main evangelical views: young earth creationism, old earth (progressive)
creationism, and theistic evolution.
Morris, Henry M. Scientific Creationism. El Cajon, Calif.: Master, 1974. New-earth creationism.
Peacocke, A. R., ed. The Sciences and Theology in the Twentieth Century. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame
Press, 1981.
Pearcey, Nancy. The Soul of Science: Christian Faith and Natural Philosophy. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 1994.
25
Quinn, Philip. “The Philosopher of Science as Expert Witness.” In Science and Rationality, edited by James T. Cushing,
C. F. Delaney, and Gary Gutting, pp. 32-53. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984.
Ramm, Bernard. The Christian View of Science and Scripture. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1954.
Ross, Hugh. Creation and Time. Colorado Springs, Colo.: NavPress, 1994. Old-earth creationism.
Ross, Hugh. The Creator and the Cosmos: How the Greatest Scientific Discoveries of the Century Reveal God .
Colorado Springs, Colo.: NavPress, 1993.
Ross, Hugh. The Fingerprint of God: Recent Scientific Discoveries Reveal the Unmistakable Identity of the Creator.
Orange, Calif.: Promise, 1989.
Ross, Hugh. The Genesis Question: Scientific Advances and the Accuracy of Genesis. Colorado Springs, CO. NavPress,
1998.
Schloss, Jeffrey P. “Evolutionary Accounts of Altruism and the Problem of Goodness by Design,” in William A. Dembski,
ed., Mere Creation. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1998, pp. 236-261.
Schroeder, Gerald H. Genesis and the Big Bang: The Discovery of Harmony Between Modern Science and the Bible .
New York: Bantam, 1990. Tries to equate events after the Big Bang with the six days of Genesis 1.
Shanks, Niall. God, the Devil, and Darwin: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory . New York: Oxford University Press,
2004. Attacks intelligent design. Foreword by Richard Dawkins.
Shapiro, Robert. Origins. New York: Summit, 1986.
Sproul, R. C. Not a Chance: The Myth of Chance in Modern Science and Cosmology. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994.
Templeton, John Mark. God Who Would Be Known: Revelations of the Divine in Contemporary Science . Radnor, Penn.:
Templeton Foundation Press, 1998.
Thaxton, Charles B, Walter L. Bradley, and Roger L. Olsen. The Mystery of Life’s Origin: Reassessing Current Theories.
New York: Philosophical Library, 1984.
Van Bebber, Mark, and Paul S. Taylor. Creation and Time: A Report on the Progressive Creationist Book by Hugh
Ross. Second ed. Mesa, AZ: Eden Communications, 1995.
Wesson, Robert. Cosmos and Metacosmos. Peru, Ill.: Open Court, 1989. Says the universe has so much evidence of
design that the “Metacosmos” must contain something like creativity, intelligence and purpose. Calls his view
“nontheistic nonmaterialism.”
Woodward, Thomas. Doubts About Darwin: A History of Intelligent Design. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2003.
Young, Davis A.; & Ralph E. Stearley. The Bible, Rocks and Time: Geological Evidence for the Age of the Earth .
Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2008.
A defense of old-earth creationism.
The Problem of Evil
Adams, Jay E. The Grand Demonstration: A Biblical Study of the So-Called Problem of Evil. Santa Barbara, Calif.:
26
Eastgate Pub., 1991.
Adams, Marilyn McCord and Robert Merrihew Adams, eds. The Problem of Evil. New York: Oxford University Press,
1991. Collection of recent scholarship on the subject.
Bergman, Michael; Michael J. Murray, & Michael C. Rea, eds.
Abraham. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Divine Evil: The Moral Character of the God of
Bowker, John. Problems of Suffering in the Religions of the World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
Boyd, Gregory A. Is God To Blame? Beyond Pat Answers to the Problem of Suffering . Downers Grove: InterVarsity,
2003.
Boyd, Gregory A.
Satan and the Problem of Evil: Constructing a Trinitarian Warfare Theodicy . Downers Grove:
InterVarsity, 2001. An Openness Theologian presents his version of the free will defense.
Brand, Paul and Phillip Yancey. Pain: The Gift Nobody Wants. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993.
Carson, D. A. How Long, O Lord? Reflections on Suffering and Evil. 2 ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2006. A Reformed
Biblical study.
Cooper, Terry D. Dimensions of Evil: Contemporary Perspectives. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2007.
Cottrell, Jack. What the Bible Says About God the Ruler. Joplin, Mo.: College Press, 1984. Chapter eleven.
Craig, William L. No Easy Answers: Finding Hope in Doubt, Failure, and Unanswered Prayer. Chicago: Moody Press,
1990.
*Davis, Stephen T., ed. Encountering Evil: Live Options in Theodicy. Atlanta: John Knox, 1981.; new edition, Louisville:
Westminster John Knox, 2004. A good survey of defenders of major views, including Hick, Griffin, and Davis
himself. Davis is a moderate evangelical who presents the Free Will Defense.
Dembski, William. The End of Christianity: Finding a Good God in an Evil World. Nashville: Broadman & Holman,
2009.
Edwards, Brian H. Not By Chance: Making Sense Out of Suffering. Phillipsburg, N.J.: Evangelical Press, 1986. A
deterministic explanation.
Feinberg, John S. The Many Faces of Evil: Theological Systems and the Problems of Evil. Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
1994. A revision of Theologies and Evil (Lanham, Md.: University of America, 1979). Another deterministic
explanation.
Geivett, R. Douglas. Evil and the Evidence for God: The Challenge of John Hick ’s Theodicy. Philadelphia: Temple
University Press, 1995.
Geisler, Norman L. If God, Why Evil? A New Way To Think About the Question. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2011.
Geisler, Norman L. The Roots of Evil. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978.
Hall, Douglas J. God and Human Suffering: An Exercise in the Theology of the Cross. Minneapolis: Augsburg Press,
1987.
Hasker, William. The Triumph of God Over Evil: Theodicy for a World of Suffering . Downers Grove: InterVarsity,
2008.
27
Hebblethwaite, Brian. Evil, Suffering and Religions. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1976.
Hick, John. Evil and the God of Love, 2d ed. New York: Harper, 1977. A defense of the “soul-building” view.
Hicks, Peter.
The Message of Evil and Suffering. Downers Grove: IVP, 2007.
Kushner, Harold S. When Bad Things Happen to Good People. New York: Avon Books, 1981; reprint of 1981 edition by
Schocken. A popular work that “defends” God by denying his omnipotence.
Lewis, C. S. The Problem of Pain. New York: Macmillan, 1978 (1943).
Morgan, Christopher W.; & Robert A. Peterson, eds. Suffering and the Goodness of God. Wheaton: Crossway, 2008.
*Myers, Edward P. The Problem of Evil and Suffering. West Monroe, LA: Howard Book House, 1978. CBS master’s
thesis by a church of Christ scholar.
*Peterson, Michael. Evil and the Christian God. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1982. An excellent evangelical presentation.
Peterson, Michael L., ed. The Problem of Evil: Selected Readings. Library of Religious Philosophy series. Notre Dame,
Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992.
Phillips, D. Z. The Problem of Evil and the Problem of God. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005.
Piper, John; & Justin Taylor, eds. Suffering and the Sovereignty of God. Wheaton: Crossway, 2006. Reformed
perspective.
Plantinga, Alvin. God, Freedom and Evil. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974. A classic defense of the Free Will Defense.
Plantinga, Alvin. Learning to Live With Evil. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.
Stackhouse, John G., Jr. Can God Be Trusted? Faith and the Challenge of Evil. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2009.
Stewart, Melville Y. The Greater Good Defence: An Essay on the Rationality of Faith. New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1993. Examines Plantinga and the Free Will Defense, as well as Hick’s “soul-making” view.
Vardy, Peter. The Puzzle of Evil. San Francisco: Harper, 1993.
Wall, George, B. Is God Really Good? Conversations with a Theodicist. Lanham, Md.: University of America, 1983.
Whitney, Barry L. Theodicy: An Annotated Bibliography. Hamden, Conn.: Garland, 1993.
Whitney, Barry L. What Are They Saying About God and Evil? Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 1989.
Wright, N. T. Evil and the Justice of God. Downers Grove: IVP, 2006.
*Yancey, Philip. Disappointment With God: Three Questions No One Asks Aloud . Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1988.
Yancey, Philip. Where is God When It Hurts. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1977.
Atheism
Andrews, Edgar. Who Made God? Searching for a Theory of Everything . Carlisle, PA: EP Books, 2009. Answer to
Dawkins et al.
Baetzhold, Howard G. and Joseph B. McCullough. The Bible According to Mark Twain. New York: Touchstone, 1995.
Contains his classic satire, Letters From the Earth. Attack on the Bible.
*Blanchard, John. Dealing with Dawkins. Carlisle, PA: EP Books, 2010. Answer to Dawkins.
28
Camus, Albert. The Plague, translated by S. Gilbert. New York: Modern Library, 1948. Atheistic existentialism.
*Copan, Paul; & William Lane Craig, eds. Contending with Christianity’s Critics: Answering New Atheists and Other
Objectors. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2009. 18 chapters; good material.
*Craig, William Lane; & Chad Meister.
God Is Great, God Is Good:
Responsible. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2009.
Why Believing in God Is Reasonable &
Dawkins, Richard. The Blind Watchmaker. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1986. An atheist challenges teleology.
Dawkins, Richard. The God Delusion.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. An atheist challenges theism.
Edwards, Paul. “Atheism.” Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Macmillan, 1996.
Findlay, J. N. “Can God’s Existence Be Disproved?” In Ontological Argument, ed. Alvin Plantinga. Garden City, N. Y.:
Doubleday, 1965.
Flew, Antony. God and Philosophy. New York: Harper & Row, 1961. He was an atheist when he wrote this and the
following.
Flew, Antony. Philosophy and Atheism: In Defense of Atheism. Buffalo, N. Y.: Prometheus Books, 1985.
Flew, Antony. The Presumption of Atheism. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976.
Hart, David Bentley. Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies . Yale University Press,
2009.
Hepburn, Ronald W. “Agnosticism,” Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Macmillan, 1996.
Hume, David. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, ed. J. C. Gaskin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Reprint of a classic attack on the theistic proofs.
Johnson, B. C. The Atheist Debater’s Handbook. Buffalo: N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1983.
Secular
(atheistic)
humanism.
Johnson, Phillip E., & John Mark Reynolds. Against All Gods: What’s Right and Wrong About the New Atheism .
Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2010.
Kurtz, Paul, ed. Humanist Manifesto I & II. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1973. Secular (atheistic) humanism.
McGrath, Alister E. Dawkins’ God: Genes, Memes, and The Meaning of Life . Williston, VT: Blackwell, 2004. Refutes
Dawkins.
*McGrath, Alister E.; & Joanna Collicutt McGrath. The Dawkins Delusion? Atheist Fundamentalism and the Denial of
the Divine. Downers Grove: IVP, 2007. Refutes Dawkins.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. Difficulties in Christian Belief. London: SCM Press, 1956. Author is an unbeliever.
Mackie, J. L. The Miracle of Theism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. One of the best defenses of atheism.
Martin, Michael. Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
*Mohler, R. Albert Jr. Atheism Remix: A Christian Confronts the New Atheists. Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2008.
Montagu, Ashley, ed.. Science and Creationism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. A strong attack against
creationism. Contributions by Stephen Jay Gould and Isaac Asimov.
Nielsen, Kai. “Agnosticism,” Dictionary of the History of Ideas, ed. P. P. Wiener. New York: Macmillan, 1977.
29
Parsons, Keith. God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytical Defense of Theism. Buffalo,
N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1989. A humanistic critique.
Russell, Bertrand. The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell. Edited by Robert E. Egner and Lester E. Denonn. New York:
Simon & Schuster, 1961. Atheistic philosopher.
Sagan, Carl. Cosmos. New York: Random House, 1980. Popularizer of atheism.
Smith, George. Atheism: The Case Against God. Los Angeles: Nash, 1974.
Smith, George. God Pro and Con: A Bibliography of Atheism. New York: Garland, 1990.
Stein, Gordon, ed. An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1980.
Internet Resources
Leadership University: www.leaderu.com
An excellent web site that houses the “virtual office” of William Lane Craig
and Phillip Johnson. Herein, there are numerous scholarly articles previously published in journals, as well as
several direct links to other useful apologetic sites. The definitive apologetic resource on the web.
Reasons to Believe: www.reasons.org
Hugh Ross’s web site. Most beneficial is this site’s Links page - one of the
best resources in finding apologetic sites on the internet. Click on “RESOURCES”on the main page, to find the
links.
Origins: www.origins.org
Focuses on intelligent design and philosophical theism.
The 2001 Principle: www.2001principle.net
“Scientific and philosophical study of the origin and creation of the
universe based on a critical look at the Anthropic Principle, Fine Tuning of the constants of physics,cosmology,
ideas of Dr Gerald Schroeder, John Wheeler, Paul Davies and other physicists and cosmologists, and audience
impact of 2001 A Space Odyssey.” Highly recommended.
Faith Quest:
http://www.faithquest.com
“Dedicated to faith and doubt with online collections from a number of
prominent philosophers including Marilyn Adams, Nicholas Rescher, Alvin Plantinga, Richard Swinburne,” etc.
Sacred Texts and Religious Literature: http://scholar.cc.emory.edu/scripts/schol/ipev.html
A good resource for
translations of the sacred texts of many religions.
Virtual Religion Index: http://religion.rutgers.edu/vri/
Access Research Network: http://www.arn.org/
Best online resource for information on world religions.
Features articles by Phillip E. Johnson, Michael Behe, and William
Dembski.
Counterbalance: http://www.counterbalance.org
Dabar: http://www.dabar.org
A scholarly forum discussing the compatibility of science and religion.
A web site in development. Classic articles and chapters from Hastings, J. W.
McGarvey, and Charles Hodge, several of an apologetic nature.
Spiritual Counterfeit Project: http://www.scp-inc.org/
An excellent evangelical resource for data on cults, the New
Age, and alternative religions.
Apologetics Press: http://www.ApologeticsPress.org
A church of Christ organization dedicated to all issues of
apologetics.
Ravi Zacharias International Ministries: http://www.gospelcom.net/rzim/
John Templeton Foundation: http://www.templeton.org/
McFarlin Library Research Guide - Religion: http://www.lib.utulsa.edu/guides/religion.htm
Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture: http://www.discovery.org/csc
Mars Hill Forum: www.marshillforum.org
American Scientific Affiliation: http://asa.calvin.edu/ASA/index.html
Society of Christian Philosophers: http://www.siu.edu/~scp/
Biblical Creation Society: http://www.biblicalcreation.org.uk/
The Y Files: www.yfiles.com
The Secular Web: www.infidels.com
The Atheism Web: www.infidels.org/news/atheism/overview.html
Well-designed atheist-oriented web sites. Often work
in conjunction with Leadership University to publish debates between theists and non-theists. Good book reviews
(most notably, a fine, scholarly critique of Josh McDowell’s apologetic work, Evidence that Demands a Verdict)
and links.