Latin II
Final guide
Test format: TBA
I. Grammar Define the following terms:
Term
Action verb
Definition
case commonly used for direct object and as the object of
many prepositions
verbs that express action – can be transitive or intransitive
Adjective
describes a noun
Adverb
Imperative
describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
grammatical relationship of nouns, pronouns and their
modifying adjectives to other words in the sentence or clause
variation in form of a verb in Latin to indicate person, number,
tense, voice and mood
word used to connect clauses or sentences
families of nouns that follow a similar pattern of inflected
endings to indicate case (five declensions in Latin)
recipient of the action of a transitive verb
grammatical concept that indicates the behavior of a noun as it
is declined (declensions provide different endings dependent
upon gender in many cases)
mood used for commands
Indirect object
word or phrase in a sentence that receives the direct object
Indicative
mood used to indicate action occurring in a sentence or clause
basic form of a verb; second principal part; indicates
conjugation of a verb in Latin
change in the ending of a word in Latin to indicate gender,
number and case for nouns, pronouns and adjectives; person,
number, tense, voice and mood for verbs
abrupt phrase, usually not connected to main clause, to
indicate intense feeling or emotion
used to connect the subject of a sentence with additional
information about the subject; does not indicate an action
“long mark” used to indicate pronunciation changes in a Latin
vowel
characteristic of a verb used to indicate frame of mind of the
subject of the verb
subject case in Latin
Accusative
Case
Conjugation
Conjunction
Declension
Direct object
Gender
Infinitive
Inflection
Interjection
Linking verb
Macron
Mood
Nominative
Noun
Number
Object of preposition
Person
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person, place or thing
singular or plural; characteristic of verbs, nouns, adjectives
and pronouns
word or words that follow a preposition
indicates frame of reference for the subject of a verb (1st, 2nd,
or 3rd person)
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Latin II
Final guide
Term
Subject
Definition
used in conjunction with a nominative and a linking verb,
completes the linking verb to provide additional information
or replace the nominative subject
word used to express the relationship of one noun to another
word used to replace a noun; in Latin, declines in a similar
way to nouns
performs the action of a verb in a sentence or clause
Tense
indicates time of action
Vocative
case used in direct address
used to indicate whether a phrase is active or passive; either
subject is acting (active voice) or is being acted upon (passive
voice)
Predicate nominative/noun,
adjective
Preposition
Pronoun
Voice
II. Nouns
A. Cases & Grammatical functions
Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives
follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fui futurus “to be.”
Genitive provides the noun stem, quantity/partitive and shows possession.
e.g. Oculi monstri flammas emittebant. The eyes of the monster were sending out flames.
Turba ancillarum a Quintô fugerunt. The crowd of slave-girls fled from Quintus.
Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or
what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs obsto, appropinquo, promitto, studeo, pareo,
resisto, confido, noceo, persuadeo, praesum, faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative
case.
Certain adjectives require the dative case in order to complete their meaning in phrases, e.g. necesse,
decorum, facile, difficile, commodum, fidelis.
Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action
verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.
apud among, at the house of
post after, behind
ad to
prope near
per through
in + Acc. into, onto
ante before, in front of
Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “SIDSPACE.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that
start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant.
sine without
sub under
in in, on
pro in front of
dē about, down from
ā/ab away from
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Latin II
Final guide
cum with
ē/ex out of, from
Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case
1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the nominative.
2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in -us, the vocative ends in e.
For 2nd declension nouns ending in -ius, the vocative ends in i.
3. The vocative case often appears with the imperative mood of the verb.
4. Give the singular and plural vocative for son fili
filii
5. Give the vocative for Rufus Rufe
B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th declension endings.
Nouns of the first declensions are generally feminine gender;
second declension nouns are masculine and neuter gender;
third declension nouns are masculine , feminine and neuter genders;
fourth declension nouns are masculine and neuter; and
fifth declension nouns are generally feminine gender.
From a noun’s principal parts, determine the declension from the genitive singular and the stem/base.
Neuter nouns have the same endings in the nominative and accusative cases;
the nominative and accusative plural always end in the letter a ; and
neuter nouns are found in the 2nd , 3rd and 4th declensions.
Decline the following nouns:
Nominative
donum
Singular
Plural
donum
dona
Singular
canis
Plural
canes
flumen
Singular
Plural
flumen
flumina
Genitive
doni
donorum
canis
canum
fluminis
fluminum
Dative
dono
donis
cani
canibus
flumini
fluminibus
Accusative
donum
dona
canem
canes
flumen
flumina
Ablative
dono
donis
cane
canibus
flumine
fluminibus
Vocative
donum
dona
canis
canes
flumen
flumina
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canis
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Final guide
Nominative
manus
Singular
Plural
manus
manūs
Singular
cornu
cornu
Plural
cornūs
effigies
Singular
Plural
effigies
effigies
Genitive
manūs
manuum
cornūs
cornuum
effigiei
effigierum
Dative
manui
manibus
cornu
cornibus
effigiei
effigiebus
Accusative
manum
manūs
cornu
cornūs
effigiem
effigies
Ablative
manū
manibus
cornu
cornibus
effigie
effigiebus
Vocative
manus
manūs
cornu
cornūs
effigies
effigies
III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns
Remember that an adjective must agree with the noun that it modifies in gender,
number, and case. There are two categories of adjectives: -us, -a, -um adjectives
use the endings of 1st and 2nd declension. -is, -is, -e adjectives use 3rd declension endings and
change the ablative singular to ī and genitive plural to ium. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree
with the nouns they describe in declension.
Give the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of laetus, laeta,, laetum and crudelis, crudelis, crudele
Masculine of laetus
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
laetus
laeti
laeto
laetum
laeto
Plural
laeti
laetorum
laetis
laetos
laetis
Masculine of crudelis
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
crudelis
crudelis
crudeli
crudelem
crudeli
Plural
crudeles
crudelium
crudelibus
crudeles
crudelibus
Feminine of laetus
Singular
laeta
laetae
laetae
laetam
laeta
Plural
laetae
laetarum
laetis
laetas
laetis
Feminine of crudelis
Singular
crudelis
crudelis
crudeli
crudelem
crudeli
Plural
crudeles
crudelium
crudelibus
crudeles
crudelibus
Neuter of laetus
Singular
laetum
laeti
laeto
laetum
laeto
Plural
laeta
laetorum
laetis
laeta
laetis
Neuter of crudelis
Singular
crudele
crudelis
crudely
crudele
crudeli
Plural
crudelia
crudelium
crudelibus
crudelia
crudelibus
Give the correct form of laetus and crudelis to describe the underlined noun. Remember agreement rules –
same case, number, and gender. N.B. It does not necessarily mean same ending!
Happy
1. Quintus _____ erat.
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laetus
Cruel
crudelis
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Latin II
Final guide
2. cives _____ leones spectant.
laeti
crudeles
3. mercator feminis _____ togas monstravit.
laetis
crudelibus
4. Quintus Clementem _____ liberavit.
laetum
crudelem
5. Quintus Clementi _____ pecuniam dedit.
laeto
crudeli
6. Grumio ancillae _____ basium dedit.
laetae
crudeli
7. ancilla _____ Grumionem quoque amat.
laeta
crudelis
8. Salvius ancillas _____ vituperavit.
laetas
crudeles
9. Salvius servo _____ cibum non dedit.
laeto
crudeli
10. servus e villā Salvii _____ effugit.
laeti
crudelis
Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:
e.g.,
notus well known
notior more well known
notissimus very well known
celer quick
celerior quicker
celerrimus quickest
Some adjectives are irregular in how they form their comparatives and superlatives. Fill in the chart
below with the correct forms and English translations.
Positive
Comparative
Superlatives
bonus
melior
optimus
“good”
better
best
malus
peior
pessimus
“bad”
worse
worst
magnus
maior
maximus
“great”
greater
greatest
parvus
minor
minimus
“small”
smaller
smallest
multus
plus
plurimus
IV. Pronouns
Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:
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Latin II
Final guide
Nominative Singular
ego – I
tu – you
Reflexive — self
Genitive Singular
mei
tui
sui
Dative Singular
mihi
tibi
sibi
Accusative Singular
mē
tē
sē
Ablative Singular
mē
tē
sē
Nominative Plural
nos
vos
Genitive Plural
nostri, nostrum
vestri, vestrum
Dative Plural
nobis
vobis
Accusative Plural
nos
vos
Ablative Plural
nobis
vobis
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. Relative pronouns refer back to the antecedent, a
noun which came before. Relative clauses provide more information about the antecedent. They are
translated as who, whom, or which.
Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in gender and number only.
They take their case from how it is used in the relative clause.
Fill in the chart with the forms of the relative pronoun.
Singular
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
qui
quae
quod
qui
quae
quae
Genitive
cuius
cuius
cuius
quorum
quarum
quorum
Dative
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Accusative
quem
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
Ablative
quo
qua
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud are demonstrative pronouns. They can be used as adjectives, which
means they modify a noun, or as pronouns, which means they replace a noun . In
both cases, they follow the same rule as adjective agreement, which states that modify nouns in gender,
number and case . hic, haec, hoc is translated as
this or these. ille, illa, illud is translated as that or those.
Write out the forms of hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud in the charts below.
Masculine
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Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
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Latin II
Final guide
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
hic
haec
hoc
ille
illa
illud
Genitive
huius
huius
huius
illius
illius
illius
Dative
huic
huic
huic
illi
illi
illi
Accusative
hinc
hanc
hoc
illum
illam
illud
Ablative
hoc
hac
hoc
illo
illa
illo
Nominative
hi
hae
haec
illi
illae
illa
Genitive
horum
harum
horum
illorum
illarum
illorum
Dative
his
his
his
illis
illis
illis
Accusative
hos
has
haec
illos
illas
illa
Ablative
his
his
his
illis
illis
illis
Tell the case, number, and gender of the demonstrative(s) in each sentence. Then translate.
1. Rufilla hanc ancillam semper vituperat, sed illos servos saepe laudat.
Rufilla always curses this slave-girl, but often praises those servants.
2. Bregans in hāc villā habitare non vult.
Bregans does not wish to live in this house.
3. Quintus his templis appropinquavit.
Quintus approached these temples.
4. Clemens haec templa non visitavit sed semper ad illud templum Isidis venit.
Clemens did not visit these temples but always comes to that temple of Isis.
5. haec puella semper libros legit sed ille puer numquam legit.
This girl always reads books but that boy never reads.
is, ea, id is the demonstrative pronoun. It is used to replace a noun. It must have
the same case, number, and gender as the noun it replaces. It is translated as he,she, or it.
Fill in the chart with the forms of the personal pronoun.
Singular
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
is
ea
id
ei
eae
ea
Genitive
eius
eius
eius
eorum
earum
eorum
Dative
ei
ei
ei
eis
eis
eis
Accusative
eum
eam
id
eos
eas
ea
Ablative
eo
ea
eo
eis
eis
eis
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Latin II
Final guide
Give the correct form of the personal pronoun to replace the underlined nouns.
1. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert.
eis
2. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert.
id
3. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert.
is
4. Rufilla semper cum Barbillo sermones habebat.
ea
5. Rufilla semper cum Barbillo sermones habebat.
eo
6. Rufilla Barbillo fabulas narravit.
ei
7. Rufilla pecuniam Barbilli cupivit.
eius
V. Verbs
A. Principal parts
Most regular verbs have four principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of all four.
Principal part
First principal part
Second principal part
Third principal part
Fourth principal part
Example
porto “I carry, do
carry, am carrying”
portare “to carry”
Use
First person singular present active
Present active infinitive:
 yields the present active stem
 used for present and imperfect tenses
active
 used for imperative active mood
 identifies the conjugation
portavi “I carried, did First person singular perfect:
carry, have carried”
 yields perfect active stem
 used for perfect active tense
portatus “having been Perfect passive participle:
carried”
 functions as a verbal adjective
 used to form Perfect passive tenses
The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which
conjugation the verb belongs.
First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre.
Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre.
Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere.
Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre.
Revised 3/23/2016
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
laudāre
vidēre
dūcere
audīre
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Final guide
N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific
conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a
consistent and predictable manner.
e.g.
sum, esse, fui, futurus
possum, posse, potui, —
volo, velle, volui, —
nolo, nolo, nolui, —
fero, ferre, tuli, latus
eo, ire, ii, itus
N.B. The following verbs require a complementary infinitive to complete the meaning:
possum, volo , and nolo .
e.g. Salvius Bregantem punire poterat. Salvius wanted to punish Bregans.
B. Conjugating verbs
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amo, amare, amavi, amatus “love.”
1st singular
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
amo
amabam
amavi
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
amaveram
amas
amabas
amavisti
amaveras
amat
amabat
amavit
amaverat
amamus
amabamus
amavimus
amaveramus
amatis
amabatis
amavistis
amaveratis
amant
amabant
amaverunt
amaverant
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeo, sedêre, sedi, sessus “sit.”
1st singular
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
sedeo
sedebam
sedi
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
sederam
translation
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Latin II
2nd singular
Final guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
sedes
sedebas
sedisti
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
sederas
sedet
sedebat
sedit
sederat
sedemus
sedebamus
sedimus
sederamus
sedetis
sedebatis
sedistis
sederatis
sedent
sedebant
sederunt
sederant
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for dico, dicere, dixi, dictus “say, tell.”
1st singular
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
dico
dicebam
dixi
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
dixeram
dicis
dicebas
dixisti
dixeras
dicit
dicebat
dixit
dixerat
dicimus
dicebamus
diximus
dixeramus
dicitis
dicebatis
dixistis
dixeratis
dicunt
dicebant
dixerunt
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
dixerant
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus “feel.”
Present
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Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
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Latin II
1st singular
Final guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
sentio
sentiebam
sensi
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
senseram
sentis
sentiebas
sensisti
senseras
sentit
sentiebat
sensit
senserat
sentimus
sentiebamus
sensimus
senseramus
sentitis
sentiebatis
sensistis
senseratis
sentiunt
sentiebant
senserunt
senserant
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fui, futurus “be.”
1st singular
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
sum
eram
fui
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
fueram
es
eras
fuisti
fueras
est
erat
fuit
fuerat
sumus
eramus
fuimus
fueramus
estis
eratis
fuistis
fueratis
sunt
errant
fuerunt
fuerant
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for possum, posse, potui, — “able.”
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Latin II
1st singular
Final guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
possum
poteram
potui
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
potueram
potes
poteras
potuisti
potueras
potest
poterat
potuit
potuerat
possumus
poteramus
potuimus
potueramus
potestis
poteratis
potuistis
potueratis
possunt
poterant
potuerunt
potuerant
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for volo, velle, volui, — “want, wish.”
1st singular
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
volo
volebam
volui
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
volueram
vis
volebas
voluisti
volueras
vult
volebat
voluit
voluerat
volumus
volebamus
voluimus
volueramus
vultis
volebatis
voluistis
volueratis
volunt
volebant
voluerunt
voluerant
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for nolo, nolle, nolui, — “not want, wish.”
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1st singular
Final guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
nolo
nolebam
nolui
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
nolueram
non vis
nolebas
noluisti
nolueras
non vult
nolebat
noluit
noluerat
nolumus
nolebamus
noluimus
nolueramus
non vultis
nolebatis
noluistis
nolueratis
nolunt
nolebant
noluerunt
noluerant
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for fero, ferre, tuli, latus “bear, bring, carry.”
1st singular
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
fero
ferebam
tuli
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
tuleram
fers
ferebas
tulisti
tuleras
fert
ferebat
tulit
tulerat
ferimius
ferebamus
tulimus
tuleramus
fertis
ferebatis
tulistis
tuleratis
ferunt
ferebant
tulerunt
tulerant
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
Conjugate the translate the following tenses for eo, ire, ii, itus “go.”
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Latin II
1st singular
Final guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
eo
ibam
ii
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
ieram
is
ibas
iisti
ieras
it
ibant
iit
ierat
imus
ibamus
iimus
ieramus
itis
ibatis
iistis
ieratis
eunt
ibant
ierunt
ierant
translation
2nd singular
translation
3rd singular
translation
1st plural
translation
2nd plural
translation
3rd plural
translation
C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person/s.)
Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs:
amo amare amavi amatus
Singular
ama
Plural
amate
sedeo, sedêre, sedi, sessus
sede
sedate
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus
duc
ducite
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus
senti
sentite
e.g. dā cibum servō! give food to the slave!
e.g. legite epistulas! read the letters!
Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive.
e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! Marcus, do not drink the water!
puerī, nōlīte currere! Boys, do not run!
D. Participles
Participles are also known as verbal adjectives because they are part verb and part adjective. Like verbs,
they have tense, which tells the time of the verb, and voice. Like
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Latin II
Final guide
adjectives, they have gender, number, and case, all three of which must agree with the noun that they
describe.
Present active participles are formed from the present stem of the verb (1st/2nd principal part). The
nominative singular ends in ns, the rest of the forms change this ending to nt and then add 3rd declension
endings.
Perfect passive participles are the fourth principal part of verbs. They may often be translated with the
ending -ed into English. N.B. They are not always translated with -ed: singed, telled, sinked, thinked.
Give the Present active and Perfect passive Participles for the following verbs and translate.
clamo, clamare
“shout”
terreo, terrēre
“scare”
garrio, garrire
“gossip”
contendo,
contendere “hurry”
capio, capere –
“take”
Present active
clamans
Translation
shouting
Perfect passive
clamatus
Translation
shouted
terrens
scaring
territus
scared
garriens
gossiping
garritus
gossiped
contendens
hurrying
contentus
hurried
capiens
taking
captus
taken
Participles are declined like 3rd declension adjectives. Give the forms for laudans, laudantis “praising”
Masculine of laudans
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
laudans
laudantis
laudanti
laudantem
laudante
Plural
laudantes
laudantum
laudantibus
laudantes
laudantibus
Feminine of laudans
Singular
laudans
laudantis
laudanti
laudantem
laudante
Plural
laudantes
laudantum
laudantibus
laudantes
laudantibus
Neuter of laudans
Singular
laudans
laudantis
laudanti
laudans
laudante
Plural
laudantia
laudantum
laudantibus
laudantia
laudantibus
Underline the participle and connect it to the noun it describes. Then translate each sentence.
1. tum Plancus nobiscum ibat garriens. Then gossiping Plancus was going with us.
2. Ego deum in templum sedentem adorabam. Sitting in the temple, I was adoring the god.
3. sacerdotes effigiem portantes ad templum contedunt. The priests carrying the statue hurried to the
temple.
4. Salvius Clementem salutans ridet. Salvius, greeting Clemens, laughs.
5. Salvius Clementem ridentem salutat. Salvius greets laughing Clemens.
6. dominus latronem e villā servum fugientem necat. The master killed the thief fleeing the slave out of
the house.
7. servus punitus e villā contendit. The punished slave hurried out of the house.
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Latin II
Final guide
8. Metella in foro ambulans togam Quinto natalem celebranti quaerebat.
Metella walking in the forum was looking for a toga for Quintus celebrating his birth.
9. Servi Salvium vulneratum ad villam portaverunt. The slaves carried wounded Salvius to the house.
VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
Some adverbs come from adjectives. Others are simply exist only as adverbs, e.g. vix, hodie, mox, heri.
1st and 2nd declension adjectives replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs; 3rd declensions add -iter.
Many English adverbs end -ly. Superlative adverbs replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs.
Comparative adjectives replace -ior with -ius in order to become adverbs.
VII. Prepositions Choose the correct case for the object of the preposition in the following sentences.
servi lectum ex tricliniô in hortum trahunt.
Quintus canem in viâ videt.
Melissa cum Grumione prope theatrum lentê ambulabat.
Bregans apud Salvium lacrimat.
Plancus, a tabernâ ambulans, de templîs narravit.
VIII. Dependent clauses
In addition to causal and temporal clauses (introduced by quod and postquam) in Latin 1, relative clauses
are also dependent/subordinate. All relative pronouns refer back to a noun in the sentence called the
antecedent. A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause, which provides additional
information about the antecedent. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender
and number , but their case comes from their grammatical function or use in their own clause.
Connect each relative pronoun with its antecedent (#1-3); select the correct pronoun (#4-5). Translate the
sentences into English.
1. Rufilla, quae numquam laeta est, anulum habêre vult.
Rufilla, who is never happy, wants to have a ring.
2. Rex, cuius servi in fundô laborant, est Cogidubnus.
The king, the slaves of whom work on the farm, is Cogidubnus.
3. Rex servum, qui in horto laborat, laudat.
The king praised the slave, who works in the garden.
4. Ancillae, quas rex vituperat, e villā effugiunt.
The slave girls, whom the king cursed, escape from the house.
5. Templum, cui in Alexandriā appropinquavi, magnum erat.
The temple, which I approached in Alexandria, was great.
6. Subito Salvius servos, qui non laborabant, punivit.
Suddenly Salvius punished the slaves who were not working.
IX. Quam
With the positive adjective, quam means how.
With the comparative adjective, quam means than.
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Latin II
Final guide
With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible.
Quam can also be the feminine accusative singular relative pronoun.
e.g. quam callidus est Quīntus! How clever Quintus is!
e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. Clemens is cleverer than Grumio.
e.g. pugnāvit quam fortissimē. He fought as bravely as possible.
e.g. puella quam video est Cornelia. The girl whom I see is Cornelia.
IX. Interrogatives/Question words
-ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question.
nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes.
num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no.
e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Is Marcus a Roman boy?
e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Surely Marcus is a Roman boy?
e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Surely Marcus is not a Roman boy?
Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.
e.g. quis who quid what ubi where or when cūr why
X. Culture
Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam. With your teacher’s guidance,
familiarize yourself with terms/vocabulary concerning these topics.
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