Latin II
Midterm guide
I. Grammar Define the following terms:
Term
Accusative
Action verb
Adjective
Adverb
Case
Conjugation
Conjunction
Definition
An inflected case ending that denotes the DIRECT OBJECT,
and object of certain prepositions in a sentence.
a verb that shows a motion
modifies or describes NOUNS, PRONOUNS, and other
ADJECTIVES. Can sometimes replace a noun or pronoun
and stand alone.
modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
NOUNS, PRONOUNS and ADJECTIVES have inflected
endings that show their use in a sentence.
Family of VERBS that share a connecting vowel. There are 4
conjugations – plus the irregulars.
Gender
a word that joins words, phrases, and clauses. et sed quod
Family of NOUNS and ADJECTIVES that share case endings.
There are 5 declensions. We study 3 in Latin I.
a noun, pronoun, and even an adjective receiving the action of
the verb.
Latin has 3 genders: MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTER
Imperative
command
Indirect object
to or for whom the action of the verb is intended
Indicative
the “normal” mood
Infinitive
the second principal part, “to verb”
An ending on a word that shows its grammatical function in a
sentence.
a part of speech that is NOT connected to any other part.
Usually shows great emotion: eheu, ecce, euge, salve, vale
a verb that acts like an equal sign
Declension
Direct object
Inflection
Interjection
Linking verb
Macron
Mood
Nominative
Noun
Number
Object of preposition
Person
Predicate nominative/noun,
adjective
Revised 3/23/2016
indicates a long vowel
indicative, imperative, subjunctive – has to do with how the
speaker thinks about the intent of the verb
An inflected case ending that denotes the SUBJECT or
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE/ADJECTIVE in a sentence.
person, place, thing or idea
SINGULAR = one PLURAL=more than one
the noun (or pronoun) that comes after a preposition and
completes the meaning of the preposition
1st, 2nd, 3rd
Follows a linking verb, and renames or defines the preceding
subject.
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Latin II
Midterm guide
Term
Preposition
Pronoun
Subject
Tense
Vocative
Voice
II. Nouns
Definition
word that denotes relationships in time, space and location. It
is followed by an OBJECT OF PREPOSITION.
takes the place of a noun
commonly indicates what the subject is about or who preforms
the action of a sentence
When the action or state of being is happening. [Latin I
studies: PRESENT (now), IMPERFECT (ongoing in the past),
PERFECT (completed in the past)]
An inflected case ending that denotes DIRECT ADDRESS.
Active/Passive – we have only learned active verbs – the
subject does the action of the verb
A. Cases & Grammatical functions
Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives
follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fui futurus “to be.”
Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or
what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs obsto, appropinquo, promitto, studeo, pareo,
resisto, confido, noceo, persuadeo, praesum, faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative
case.
Certain adjectives require the dative case in order to complete their meaning in phrases, e.g. necesse,
decorum, facile, difficile, commodum, fidelis.
Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action
verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.
apud among
post behind
ad to
prope near
per through
in + Acc. into
ante before
Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “SIDSPACE.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that
start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant.
sine without
sub under
in in
pro on behalf of
dē about/down from
ā/ab from
cumwith
ē/ex out of
Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case
Revised 3/23/2016
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Latin II
Midterm guide
1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the nominative
2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in e
For 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in ī
3. The vocative case often appears with the IMPERATIVE mood of the verb.
4. Give the singular and plural vocative for son filī
filiī
5. Give the vocative for Rufus Rufe
B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th declension endings.
Nouns of the first declensions are generally feminine
second declension nouns are masculine and neuter
third declension nouns are all three
fourth declension nouns are masculine and neuter
fifth declension nouns are generally feminine
From a noun’s principal parts, determine the declension from the genitive singular and the stem/base.
Neuter nouns have the same endings in the nominative/accusative cases – the rule of the
neuter/nominusative
the nominative and accusative plural always end in the letter a ; and
neuter nouns are found in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th declensions.
Decline the following nouns:
via
Nominative
Singular
via
Plural
viae
Singular
faber
Plural
fabrī
mercator
Singular
Plural
mercator
mercatorēs
Genitive
viae
viārum
fabrī
fabrōrum
mercatoris
mercatorum
Dative
viae
viīs
fabrō
fabrīs
mercatorī
mercatoribus
Accusative
viam
viās
fabrum
fabrōs
mercatorem
mercatorēs
Ablative
viā
viīs
fabrō
fabrīs
mercatore
mercatoribus
Vocative
via
viae
faber
fabrī
mercator
mercatorēs
Revised 3/23/2016
faber
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Latin II
Midterm guide
III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns
Remember that an adjective must agree with the noun that it modifies in number, gender, and case. There
are two categories of adjectives: -us, -a, -um adjectives
use the endings of first and second declension. -is, -is, -e adjectives use third declension endings and
change the ablative singular to ī and genitive plural to ium. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree with the
nouns they describe in declension.
Give the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of laetus, laeta,, laetum and crudelis, crudelis, crudele
Masculine of laetus
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
laetus
laetī
laetō
laetum
laetō
Plural
laetī
laetōrum
laetīs
laetōs
laetīs
Masculine of crudelis
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Singular
crudelis
crudelis
crudelī
crudelem
crudelī
Plural
crudelēs
crudelium
crudelibus
crudelēs
crudelibus
Feminine of laetus
Singular
laeta
laetae
laetae
laetam
laetā
Plural
laetae
laetārum
laetīs
laetās
laetīs
Feminine of crudelis
Singular
crudelis
crudelis
crudelī
crudelem
crudelī
Plural
crudelēs
crudelium
crudelibus
crudelēs
crudelibus
Neuter of laetus
Singular
laetum
laetī
laetō
laetum
laetō
Plural
laeta
laetōrum
laetīs
laeta
laetīs
Neuter of crudelis
Singular
crudele
crudelis
crudelī
crudele
crudelī
Plural
crudelia
crudelium
crudelibus
crudelia
crudelibus
Give the correct form of laetus and crudelis to describe the underlined noun. Remember agreement rules –
same case, number, and gender. N.B. It does not necessarily mean same ending!
Happy
Cruel
1. Quintus _____ erat.
laetus
crudelis
2. cives _____ leones spectant.
laetī
crudelēs
3. mercator feminis _____ togas monstravit.
laetīs
crudelibus
4. Quintus Clementem _____ liberavit.
laetum
crudelem
5. Quintus Clementi _____ pecuniam dedit.
laetō
crudelī
6. Grumio ancillae _____ basium dedit.
laetae
crudelī
7. ancilla _____ Grumionem quoque amat.
laeta
crudelis
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Latin II
Midterm guide
8. Salvius ancillas _____ vituperavit.
laetās
crudelēs
9. Salvius servo _____ cibum non dedit.
laetō
crudelī
10. servus e villā Salvii _____ effugit.
laetī
crudelis
IV. Pronouns
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. Relative pronouns refer back to the antecedent, a
noun which came before. Relative clauses provide more information about the antecedent. They are
translated as who,that,which
Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in number and gender only.
They take their case from how it is used in the relative clause.
Fill in the chart with the forms of the relative pronoun.
Singular
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
quī
quae
quod
quī
quae
quae
Genitive
cuius
cuius
cuius
quōrum
quārum
quōrum
Dative
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Accusative
quem
quem
quod
quōs
quās
quae
Ablative
quō
quā
quō
quibus
quibus
quibus
V. Verbs
A. Principal parts
Most regular verbs have four principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of all four.
Principal part
Example
Use
First principal part
porto “I carry, do
First person singular present active
carry, am carrying”
Second principal part portare “to carry”
Present active infinitive:
 yields the present active stem
 used for present and imperfect tenses
active
 used for imperative active mood
 identifies the conjugation
Third principal part
portavi “I carried, did First person singular perfect:
carry, have carried”
 yields perfect active stem
 used for perfect active tense
Fourth principal part
portatus “having been Perfect passive participle:
carried”
 functions as a verbal adjective
 used to form Perfect passive tenses
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Latin II
Midterm guide
The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which
conjugation the verb belongs.
First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre.
Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre.
Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere.
Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
e.g.
laudāre
vidēre
dūcere
audīre
N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific
conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a
consistent and predictable manner.
e.g.
sum, esse, fui, futurus
possum, posse, potui, —
volo, velle, volui, —
nolo, nolo, nolui, —
fero, ferre, tuli, latus
eo, ire, ii, itus
N.B. The following verbs require a complementary infinitive to complete the meaning:
velle, nolle, posse .
e.g. Salvius Bregantem punire poterat. Salvius was able to punish Bregans
B. Conjugating verbs
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amo, amare, amavi, amatus “love.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
1st singular
amō
amābam
amavī
amaveram
translation
I love
I was loving
I have loved/did
love/loved
I had loved
2nd singular
amās
amābās
translation
you love
you were loving
you have loved/did
love/loved
you had loved
3rd singular
amat
amābat
amavit
amaverat
translation
he loves
he was loving
you have loved/did
love/loved
you had loved
1st plural
amāmus
amābāmus
amavimus
translation
we love
we were loving
we have loved/did
love/loved
we had loved
2nd plural
amātis
amābātis
amavistis
amaverātis
translation
you pl love
you pl were loving
you pl have
loved/did love/loved
you pl had loved
3rd plural
amant
amābant
amavērunt
amaverant
translation
they love
they were loving
they have loved/did
love/loved
they had loved
Revised 3/23/2016
amavistī
amaverās
amaverāmus
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Latin II
Midterm guide
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fui, futurus “be.”
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
1st singular
sum
eram
fuī
fueram
translation
I am
I was
I was/have been
I had been
2nd singular
es
erās
fuistī
fuerās
translation
you are
you were
you were/have been
you had been
3rd singular
est
erat
fuit
fuerat
translation
he is
he was
he was/has been
he had been
1st plural
sumus
erāmus
fuimus
fuerāmus
translation
we are
we were
we were/have been
we had been
2nd plural
estis
erātis
fuistis
fuerātis
translation
you pl are
you pl were
you pl were/have
been
you pl had been
3rd plural
sunt
erant
fuērunt
fuerant
translation
they are
they were
they were/have been
they had been
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for possum, posse, potui, — “able.”
Present
1st singular
possum
Imperfect
Perfect
poteram
potuī
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
potueram
translation
I am able
I was able
I was/have been
able
I had been able
2nd singular
potes
poterās
potuistī
potuerās
translation
you are able
you were able
you were/have been
able
you had been able
3rd singular
potest
poterat
potuit
potuerat
translation
he is able
he was able
he was/has been
able
he had been able
1st plural
possumus
poterāmus
potuimus
translation
we are able
we were able
we were/have been
able
2nd plural
potestis
poterātis
potuistis
translation
you pl are able
you pl were able
you pl were/have
been able
3rd plural
possunt
poterant
potuērunt
Revised 3/23/2016
potuerāmus
we had been able
potuerātis
you pl had been
able
potuerant
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Latin II
Midterm guide
translation
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
they are able
they were able
they were/have been
able
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
they had been able
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for volo, velle, volui, — “want, wish.”
Present
1st singular
volō
Imperfect
Perfect
volēbam
voluī
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
volueram
translation
I want
I was wanting
I wanted/have
wanted
I had wanted
2nd singular
vis
volēbās
voluistī
voluerās
translation
you want
you were wanting
you wanted/have
wanted
you had wanted
3rd singular
vult
volēbat
voluit
voluerat
translation
he wants
he was wanting
he wanted/has
wanted
he wanted
1st plural
volimus
volēbāmus
voluimus
translation
we want
we were wanting
we wanted/have
wanted
2nd plural
vultis
volēbātis
voluistis
translation
you pl want
you pl were wanting
you pl wanted/have
wanted
you pl had wanted
3rd plural
volunt
volēbant
voluērunt
voluerant
translation
they want
they were wanting
they wanted/have
wanted
they had wanted
voluerāmus
we had wanted
voluerātis
Conjugate and translate the following tenses for nolo, nolle, nolui, — “not want, wish.”
Present
1st singular
nolō
Imperfect
Perfect
nolēbam
noluī
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
nolueram
translation
I don’t want
I was not wanting
I didn’t
want/haven’t wanted
I had not wanted
2nd singular
non vis
nolēbās
noluistī
noluerās
translation
you don’t want
you were not
wanting
you didn’t
want/haven’t wanted
you had not wanted
3rd singular
non vult
nolēbat
noluit
noluerat
translation
he doesn’t want
he was not wanting
he didn’t
want/haven’t wanted
he not wanted
1st plural
nolimus
nolēbāmus
noluimus
translation
we don’t want
we were not wanting
we didn’t
want/haven’t wanted
Revised 3/23/2016
noluerāmus
we had not wanted
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Latin II
Midterm guide
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
2nd plural
non vultis
nolēbātis
noluistis
translation
you pl don’t want
you pl were not
wanting
you pl didn’t
want/haven’t wanted
3rd plural
nolunt
nolēbant
noluērunt
translation
they don’t want
they were not
wanting
they didn’t
want/haven’t wanted
Pluperfect/Past
Perfect
noluerātis
you pl had not
wanted
noluerant
they had not wanted
C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person/s.)
Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs:
Singular
amo amare amavi amatus
sedeo, sedêre, sedi, sessus
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus
Plural
amā
amāte
sedē
sedēte
duc (irregular)
ducite
sentī
sentīte
e.g. dā cibum servō! Give food to the slave
legite epistulas! read the letters
Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive.
e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! Marcus, don’t drink the water
puerī, nōlīte currere! Boys, don’t run
VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
1st and 2nd declension adjectives replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs; 3rd declensions add -iter.
Many English adverbs end -ly. Superlative adverbs replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs.
Comparative adjectives replace -ior with -ius in order to become adverbs
e.g.
intentus intentē
ferōx ferociter
gravis graviter
VII. Prepositions Choose the correct case for the object of the preposition in the following sentences.
servi lectum ex tricliniô in hortum trahunt.
Quintus canem in viâ videt.
Melissa cum Grumione prope theatrum lentê ambulabat.
Bregans apud Salvium lacrimat.
Plancus, a e is a better preposition here tabernâ ambulans, de templîs narravit.
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Latin II
Midterm guide
VIII. Dependent clauses
In addition to causal and temporal clauses (introduced by quod and postquam) in Latin 1, relative clauses
are also dependent/subordinate. All relative pronouns refer back to a noun in the sentence called the
antecedent . A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause, which provides additional information about
the antecedent. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedents in number and gender , but their case
comes from their grammatical function or use in their own clause.
Connect each relative pronoun with its antecedent (#1-3); select the correct pronoun (#4-5). Translate the
sentences into English.
1. Rufilla, quae numquam laeta est, anulum habêre vult.
Rufilla who is never happy wishes to have a ring
2. rex, cuius servi in fundô laborant, est Cogidubnus.
The king whose slaves work on the farm is Cogidubnus
3. rex servum, qui in horto laborat, laudat.
The king praises the slave who works in the garden
4. ancillae, quos/quas/quae rex vituperat, e villā effugiunt.
The slave-girls whom/quas the king scolds flee from the house
5. templum, cui/quem/quibus in Alexandriā appropinquavi, magnum erat.
The temple which/cui I approached (takes a dative) in Alexandria was great
6. subito Salvius servos, qui/quae/quae non laborabant, punivit.
Suddenly Salvius punished the slaves who/qui were not working
IX. Quam
With the positive adjective, quam means how.
With the comparative adjective, quam means than.
With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible.
Quam can also be the feminine accusative singular relative pronoun.
e.g. quam callidus est Quīntus! How clever is Quintus!
e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. Clemens is smarter than Grumio
e.g. pugnāvit quam fortissimē. He fought as bravely as possible
e.g. puella quam video est Cornelia. The girl whom you see is Cornelia
IX. Interrogatives/Question words
-ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question.
nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes.
num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no.
e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Is Marcus a Roman boy?
e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Surely Marcus is a Roman boy, isn’t he?
e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Surely Marcus isn’t a Roman boy, is he?
Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.
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Latin II
Midterm guide
e.g. quis who quid what ubi where ? cūr why ?
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