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Lecture 11 3/10/2014
ENERGY UPDATE!
Today’s Material:
Mid Term Preview
Activity 3
Terra and Luna
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26485048
Mysterious new man-made
gases pose threat to ozone layer
By Matt McGrath
• Scientists have identified four new
man-made gases that are
contributing to the depletion of the
ozone layer.
• They estimate that about 74,000
tonnes of these gases have been
released into the atmosphere. Two of
the gases are accumulating at
significant rates.
• "We don't know where the new
gases are being emitted from and this
should be investigated. Possible
sources include feedstock chemicals
for insecticide production and
solvents for cleaning electronic
components."
http://asia.nikkei.com/magazine/20140306-The-roadforward/Cover-Story/Back-to-the-future-Restarting-Japansnuclear-power-plants
Back to the future: Restarting Japan's nuclear power
plants
ROBERT J. GELLER
Applications from utility companies to restart many of
Japan's nuclear power plants are now being considered
by regulators. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and his
government have stated their support for these
applications, provided regulators find that safety can be
assured. As a seismologist who lives in Japan, I find some
aspects of this ongoing process to be troubling.
March 6, 2014 12:00 am JST
“Solar system” model of the helium
atom, with a nucleus consisting of
two protons and two neutrons.
https://np-apchemistry.wikispaces.com/chapter3
Decay of a
radioactive
sample
containing
initially
1,000
nuclei.
Neutron-induced fission. (a) A neutron strikes a heavy nucleus and is absorbed. (b)
The nucleus begins to oscillate. (c) It takes on a dumbbell shape, and the repulsive
electric force begins to dominate. (d) The nucleus fissions into two unequal
middleweight nuclei, emitting several neutrons in the process.
A nuclear chain reaction. At left, a
neutron strikes a U-235 nucleus,
causing it to fission and, in this case,
release two neutrons that go on to
cause two additional fissions. Each of
those fission events releases neutrons
that cause more fission, and the chain
reaction grows exponentially. This is
what happens in a bomb. In a reactor,
the neutrons are carefully controlled
to ensure that, on average, each
fission results in only one additional
fission.
The deuterium–tritium
fusion reaction of
Equation 7.3 produces a
helium nucleus (He-4), a
neutron, and energy.
Regions with the greatest geothermal energy potential, indicated in
red, tend to be located along geological plate boundaries.
Geothermal gradient in the continental United States. Note the
preponderance of geothermal resources in the western states.
Bathers enjoy
geothermally
heated
waters in
Iceland’s
Blue Lagoon.
Geothermal hot water melts snow from walkways in Klamath Falls, Oregon. An
antifreeze solution heated with water from geothermal wells first passes through
buildings in the city’s central district, then through sub-walkway tubing.
Direct uses of
geothermal energy,
worldwide.
Geothermal heat
pumps are not
included, for
reasons discussed at
the end of Section
8.4.
Essential
features of a
geothermal
power plant
using steam
from a vapordominated
geothermal
resource.
A geothermal power
plant at Geysers,
California.
(a) In a hot-water geothermal power
plant, water boils in the well pipe, and
a separator extracts the steam to
drive a turbine. Separated water and
condensate return to the geothermal
source. (b) A binary geothermal plant
uses a closed loop with a separate
working fluid, whose boiling point is
lower than water’s. The heat
exchanger transfers energy from
geothermal water to the working
fluid. Heat exchanger and associated
piping replace the steam separator
shown in (a).
Figure 8.10
Energy, Environment, and Climate
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company 2012
Figure 8.11
Energy, Environment, and Climate
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company 2012
Figure 8.12
Energy, Environment, and Climate
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company 2012
Figure 8.13
Energy, Environment, and Climate
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company 2012
Figure 8.14
Energy, Environment, and Climate
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company 2012
Figure 8.15
Energy, Environment, and Climate
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company 2012
Figure 8.16
Energy, Environment, and Climate
Copyright © W.W. Norton & Company 2012