History 12 Ms Leslie
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the building and maintaining of colonies in
one territory by people from another territory.
Settler Colonialism
Exploitation Colonialism
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WWI left Britain in possession of 1/5 of the
World’s surface.
But Britain was no longer the imposing force
it had been in the past in the 1920’s and 30’s.
Britain was no longer the financial center of
the world.
Britain owed a lot of money to America,
Russia refused to pay back their loans and
France could not pay back as a result.
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Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and
Canada)ere included in future defense plans.
But South Africa and Canada had suffered
massive casualties in major battles, which bought
them independence in the eyes of the Paris Peace
Conference.
Canada was becoming more isolationist,
Australia and New Zealand were also reluctant to
put themselves in imperial conflict and risk being
dragged into a European conflict.
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In 1921 a large navel base was built in
Singapore to secure trade routes in the Pacific.
This move increased the Alienation of Japan.
Singapore of strategic importance because of
the production of Rubber and tin.
The inhabitants of Singapore welcomed the
British as they kept the threat of China and
India invasion at bay.
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soldiers marched alongside White British
subjects.
were frustrated by incompetent commanders.
They too heard Wilson and his 14 points and
of the British’s commitment to national selfdetermination.
They became frustrated when that selfdetermination did not apply to British
colonies.
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saw the birth of nationalist movements after
the war.
In tribal societies, nationalism did not catch
on.
Nationalism was limited to the small educated
black middle class.
as African colonies became more integrated
into the world economy, Western political
ideas followed as more and more Africans
were exposed to them.
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Aug. 10, 1920
abolished the Ottoman Empire and made
Turkey renounce all rights over Arab Asia and
North Africa.
independent Armenia, for an autonomous
Kurdistan, and for a Greek presence in eastern
Thrace and on the Anatolian west coast, as
well as Greek control over the Aegean islands
commanding the Dardanelles
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Rejected by the new Turkish nationalist
regime, the Treaty of Sèvres was replaced by
the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.
Mustafa Kemal was able to prevent Italians
and the French from establishing their
influence and drove the Greeks out entirely
while tearing up the Treaty of Sevres
Turkish nationalists under Mustapha Kemal were
unhappy about the loss of territory to Greece
under the Sèvres treaty of 1920.
 They expelled the Greeks from Smyrna by force
in August 1922 and threatened to cross the
Dardanelles.
 Lloyd George reinforced British positions in
Chanak, thus blocking the Turks.
 Conflict was averted by an agreement settled on
11 October. Eastern Thrace and Adrianople were
returned to Turkey in return for recognition of the
neutral zones of the Dardanelles.
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set up after the Chanak Crisis.
The Treaty was the final treaty concluding
World War I.
It was signed by representatives of Turkey
on one side and by Britain, France, Italy,
Japan, Greece, Romania, and the Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) on
the other.
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recognized the boundaries of the modern state of
Turkey.
Turkey dropped claim to its former Arab
provinces and recognized British possession of
Cyprus and Italian possession of the Dodecanese.
The Allies dropped their demands of autonomy
for Turkish Kurdistan and Armenia,
imposed no controls over Turkey’s finances or
armed forces.
The Turkish straits between the Aegean Sea and
the Black Sea were declared open to all shipping.
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In Egypt, Saad Zahlul’s Wafd party led an
uprising in 1922.
It was put down, but the British saw the
importance of giving Egypt greater autonomy.
Home to the Suez Canal, Egypt was of
critical importance.
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Arab nationalism was frustrated by the British
and French
The area was divided into French and British
spheres of influence with only the seemingly
worthless Arab Peninsula left to the Arabs.
This move was ratified by the mandate
system, giving Britain Iraq, Trans-Jordan and
Palestine; the French had control in Syria and
Lebanon.
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secret agreement between the governments of
the UK and France.
depended on the fall of the Ottoman Empire
after WWI and defined their respective
spheres of influence and control in the Middle
East.
It was largely a trade agreement
The agreement was concluded on 16 May
1916.
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Obviously, Arab nationalists were not happy
with how they were treated.
The French directly put down uprisings in
Syria while the British tried to avoid conflict
by granting Iraq semi-independence.
In Palestine, Anti-colonial troubles would not
be so easy to deal with.
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British policy of assisting Jewish Settlement in
Palestine naturally met with Arab resistance.
This movement is referred to as Zionism.
Zionism is the international political
movement that originally supported the
reestablishment of a homeland for the
Jewish People in Palestine.
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Jewish immigration in the region picked up
enormously after the war.
In 1918 the Jewish population was 60,000
and it rose to 430,000 in 1939 (an increase of
7% to 28% of the population).
Attempts to appease Arabs by restricting
Jewish immigration merely upset the Jewish
opinion.
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Religion was also an aspect that contributed to
anti-British sentiment.
Jerusalem is a City sacred to Islam, Judaism
and Christianity.
This fact meant Palestinian problems
influence developments outside of Palestine.
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India’s contribution to the British war effort
was recognized in 1917, when the British
Government accepted the idea of Indian
independence at a future date.
Troops came back with ideas contrary to the
propaganda they’ve been fed their whole lives.
By 1923, the disloyalty in the Indian Army
almost surmounted to mutiny.
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self-government to the eleven Indian
Provinces.
In a system known as ‘dyarchy’, two levels of
government were introduced with health,
education and agriculture becoming the
responsibilities of Indian Ministers, and
Finance and security remained a British
responsibility.
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This was not enough change for Indian Nationalists.
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Protests followed this reform and the incident in
Amritsar further damaged the mood.
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British troops opened fire on protesters, killing 379 and
wounding over a thousand others.
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This massacre became a symbol of British oppression.
It fueled Indian passion to gain independence as soon as
possible.
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Leader of the Congress Party.
Gandhi preached ‘ satyagrha’ a cheerful nonviolent resistance to a specific evil
Through civil disobedience and correct daily
living, along with constructing alternative
political and economic institutions, followers
of this philosophy sought conversion rather
than coercion.
This highly moral position won the support of
anti-imperialists and American public opinion.
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Divisions appeared within the Congress Party
as the Muslim League went it’s own way,
fearful of Hindu domination of an independent
India.
Mohammed Ali Junnah sought a separate
Moslem state of Pakistan.
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Provincial governments were given over fully
to Indian control and central government
powers were now shared.
Both the Congress and the Muslim League
continued to push for self-government, backed
by international support.
But for imperialists like Churchill, Indian
Independence would not be easily accepted as
India was seen as the “jewel in the crown” of
the British Empire.
By the 1930’s India had ceased to be a Military
asset.
 Permanent garrisons were needed to patrol the
North-West Borders and more were needed to
deter uprisings.
 India and the Singaporean Naval Base proved to
be a formidable distraction while British interests
were being threatened in Europe itself.
 It was not until 1939 that Britain that the events
in Europe were more of a threat then the activities
in Asia.
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Assignment
20th century history
pages 64 – 67, 71-72, 78-80, 106 (New problems for
Colonial Empires)
Define:
Treaty of Sevres
Mustafa Kemel and his accomplishments
Hindu and Muslim Nationalism
Britain’s interference with Palestine.
Gandhi’s civil disobedience (examples please) – 1 page