Objectives - Cardiovascular System

Chapter 10

Cardiovascular and

Lymphatic Systems

Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

1

OBJECTIVES

Identify the organs and other structures of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

Define and spell the word parts

Build and analyze medical terms using word parts

Define, pronounce, and spell the disease and disorder, diagnostic, surgical, and complementary terms for the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

Interpret the meanings of abbreviations

Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them


2

Function of the

Cardiovascular System

Nourishes the body by transporting nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products


3

Interior of the Heart


4

Microcirculation


5

Cardiovascular System

heart:

muscular organ the size of a closed fist, located behind the breast bone and between the lungs. The pumping action, circulates blood throughout the body

 upper chambers: right and left atrium

 lower chambers: right and left ventricle

 cardiac septum: separates right and left sides of heart

6 Copyright © 2005 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cardiovascular System (cont’d) tricuspid valve: located between right atrium and right ventricle bicuspid valve (mitral valve): located between the left atrium and left ventricle pericardium: outer layer of heart myocardium: middle, thick, muscular layer endocardium: inner lining of the heart


7

Cardiovascular System (cont’d)

blood vessels:

tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

 arteries: carry blood containing oxygen & other nutrients away from the heart to the body cells except for the pulmonary artery, which carries carbon dioxide and other waste products to the lungs

 arterioles: smallest arteries

 aorta: largest artery in the body


8

Cardiovascular System (cont’d)

veins:

carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the heart except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

 venules: smallest veins in the body

 venae cavae: largest veins in the body

 capillaries: connect arterioles with venules; exchange of gases takes place in capillaries


Cardiovascular System (cont’d) blood

 plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells float

 cells

 erythrocytes: red blood cells that carry oxygen

 leukocytes: white blood cells that fight infection

 platelets (thrombocytes): for coagulation


Function of the

Lymphatic System

Removal of excessive tissue fluid, which develops from increased metabolic activity.

(Lymphatics, or lymph vessels, are found throughout most of the body.)


Lymphatic System


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Lymphatic System lymph: transparent, usually colorless, tissue fluid lymph nodes: small, spherical bodies made up of lymphoid tissue; act as filters in keeping substances such as bacteria from the blood


13

Lymphatic System (cont’d) spleen: located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm; largest lymphatic organ in the body thymus gland: located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs; plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system


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Combining Forms for Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

angio/o splen/o thym/o valv/o, valvul/o ven/o ventricul/o aort/o atri/o cardi/o lymph/o phleb/o plasm/o


Combining Forms Used with Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

ather/o ech/o electr/o isch/o therm/o thromb/o


Prefixes bradytachy-


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Similar Suffixes Used in Diagnostic Terms

Suffix Meaning Chapter

-gram

-graph

-graphy

Record, x-ray image

Instrument used to record

Process of recording, xray imaging


5

10

5

18

Suffixes

-ac

-apheresis

-crit

-graph

-odynia

-penia

-poiesis

-sclerosis


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Disease and Disorder Terms

Built from Word Parts

Heart and Blood Vessels

 angiocarditis

 angioma

 angiostenosis

 aortic stenosis

 arterioscletosis

 atherosclerosis

 bradycardia

 cardiodynia


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Aortic Stenosis


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Built from Word Parts (cont’d)


 cardiomegal

 cardiomyopathy

 endocarditis

 ischemia

 myocarditis

 pericarditis

 tachycardia

 thrombophlebitis


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Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

Blood and Lymphatic Systems

 hematocytopenia

 hematoma

 lymphadenitis

 pancytopenia

 splenomegaly

 thrombosis

 thrombus

 thymoma


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Not Built from Word Parts acute coronary syndrome anemia aneurysm angina pectoris cardiac arrest coarctation of the aorta congestive heart failure (CHF) coronary occlusion


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Aneurysm


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Coarctation of the Aorta


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Disease and Disorder Terms Not

Built from Word Parts (cont’d) deep vein thrombosis (DVT) dysrhythmia embolus fibrillation hemophilia hemorrhoid

Hodgkin disease hypertensive heart disease (HHD)


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Built from Word Parts (cont’d) leukemia mitral valve stenosis myocardial infarction (MI) peripheral arterial disease (PAD) rheumatic fever sickle cell anemia varicose veins


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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts angioplasty angiorrhaphy atherectomy endarterectomy pericardiocentesis phlebotomy splenopexy thymectomy


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(within) / (artery) / (excision)


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Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts aneurysmectomy bone marrow transplant cardiac pacemaker coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) coronary stent defibrillation femoropopliteal bypass hemorrhoidectomy


32

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft


33

Coronary Stent

A, Stent at site of plaque formation. B, Inflated balloon and expanded stent. C, Implanted stent.


34

Placement of

Defibrillator Paddles


35

Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d) implantable cardiac defibrillator laser angioplasty


36

Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator


37

Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts


Diagnostic imaging









 angiography angioscopy aortogram arteriogram venography


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Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)


 Cardiovascular diagnostic procedures



 echocardiogram (ECHO) electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)


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(electric activity) / cv / (heart) / cv / (record)


40


Blood and Lymphatic Systems

Laboratory





 erythrocyte count (RBC) hematocrit (HCT) leukocyte count (WBC)

Diagnostic imaging

 lymphangiography


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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d)


Diagnostic imaging









 digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

Doppler ultrasound exercise stress test thallium test transesophageal echocardiogram


42



Other diagnostic terms



 sphygmomanometer stethoscope


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Sphygmomanometer


44


Blood and Lymphatic System

Laboratory







 complete blood count (CBC) coagulation time hemoglobin (Hgb) prothrombin time (PT)


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Other





 bone marrow biopsy cardiac catheterization impedance plethysmography


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Bone Marrow for Biopsy


47

Cardiac Catheterization


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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts atrioventricular (AV) cardiac cardiogenic cardiology hematologist hematopoiesis hemolysis hemostasis


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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) hypothermia intravenous tachypnea thrombolysis


50


Heart and Blood Vessels cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) distole heart murmur hypertension hypotension percussion systole


51


Blood and Lymphatic Systems anticoagulant hemorrhage plasma serum


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Abbreviations

ACS

AV

BP

CABG

CAD

CBC

CCU

CHF

CPR

DSA

DVT

ECG, EKG

ECHO

HCT


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Abbreviations (cont’d)

Hgb

HHD

IV

MI

PAD

PT

RBC

SPECT

TEE

WBC


54

Chapter 11

Digestive System


55

OBJECTIVES

Identify the organs and other structures of the digestive system

Define and spell the word parts

Build and analyze medical terms using word parts

Define, pronounce, and spell the disease and disorder, diagnostic, surgical, and complementary terms for the digestive system

Interpret the meanings of abbreviations

Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them


56

Function of the Digestive

System

The digestive organs connect to form a continuous passageway from the mouth to the anus.

With the help of accessory organs, the digestive tract prepares ingested food for use by body cells through physical and chemical digestion and eliminates the solid waste products from the body.


Organs of the Digestive System


58

Organs of the Digestive Tract mouth: opening through which food passes into the body

 palate (soft): posterior portion (not supported by bone)

 palate (hard): anterior portion (supported by bone)

 Uvula: soft V-shaped mass that hangs from the soft palate; directs food into the throat


Organs of the Digestive Tract

(cont’d) tongue: attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech pharynx (throat): performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth to the esophagus



(cont’d) esophagus: 10-inch tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach stomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food container for food







 fundus: uppermost domed portion of the stomach body: central portion of the stomach pylorus: lower part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine antrum: portion of the pylorus that connects to the body of the stomach



(cont’d) stomach (cont’d)

 pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and duodenum small intestine: 20-foot canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine

 duodenum: 1st 10 to 12 inches of small intestine

 jejunum: 2nd portion; approx. 8 feet

 ileum: 3rd portion; approx. 11 feet connects with large intestine


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Helpful Information ileum is the third portion of the small intestine ilium are pelvic bones


63


(cont’d) large intestine: canal approx. 5 feet and extends from the ileum to the anus

 cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine

 colon: next portion; divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

 rectum: last portion; approx. 8 to 10 inches long, extends from the sigmoid colon to the anus



(cont’d) anus: sphincter muscle that keeps an opening tight at the end of the digestive tract


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Anatomy of the Large Intestine


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Accessory Organs salivary glands: produce saliva, which flows into the mouth to begin the digestion process liver: produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats bile ducts: passageways that carry bile; hepatic duct is passageway for bile from liver, and the cystic duct carries bile from the gallbladder; they join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum


Accessory Organs (cont’d) gallbladder: small, saclike structure that stores bile pancreas: produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism


Other Structures peritoneum: serous sac lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities appendix: small pouch, which has no known function, attached to the cecum abdomen: portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis


Combining Forms for the Digestive Tract an/o antr/o cec/o col/o, colon/o duoden/o enter/o esophag/o


70

Combining Forms for the Digestive Tract (cont’d) gastr/o ile/o jejun/o or/o, stomat/o proct/o, rect/o sigmoid/o


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Combining Forms for the Accessory

Organs/Combining Forms Commonly

Used with Digestive System Terms abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o appendic/o cheil/o cholangi/o chol/e choledoch/o


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Combining Forms for the Accessory

Organs/Combining Forms Commonly

Used with Digestive System Terms diverticul/o gingiv/o gloss/o, lingu/o hepat/o herni/o palat/o pancreat/o peritone/o polyp/o pylor/o sial/o uvul/o


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Prefix and Suffix

Prefix

 hemi-

Suffix

 -pepsia


74

Diverticulum of the

Large Intestine


75

Types of Hernias

A, Hiatal; B, inguinal; C, umbilical.


76

Polyps


77


Built from Word Parts appendicitis cholangioma cholecystitis choledocholithiasis cholelithiasis diverticulosis gingivitis gastroenteritis hepatoma


78


Built from Word Parts

1, Normal appendix.

2, (appendix) / (inflammation).


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(gall) / cv / (stone) / (condition)

(common bile duct) / cv / (stone) / (condition)


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Built from Word Parts pancreatitis peritonitis polyposis proctoptosis sialolith uvulitis


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Built from Word Parts pancreatitis peritonitis polyposis proctoptosis sialolith uvulitis


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Built from Word Parts (cont’d) intussusception irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) obesity peptic ulcer polyp ulcerative colitis


Peptic Ulcer Sites


84

Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts abdominoplasty antrectomy appendectomy cheilorrhaphy colostomy diverticulectomy esophagogastroplasty gastrectomy


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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts gastrojejunostomy gastroplasty glossorrhaphy herniorrhaphy ileostomy laparotomy polypectomy pyloromyotomy uvulopalatopharyngoplasty


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PEG


87

1, (ileum) / cv / (artificial opening)

2, (colon) / cv / (artificial opening)


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(stomach) / (surgical removal)


89

Surgical Terms Not

Built from Word Parts abdominoperineal resection

(A & P resection) anastomosis vagotomy


90


Diagnostic imaging

 cholangiogram

 cholecystogram

 CT colonoscopy

Endoscopy







 colonoscopy endoscopy esophagogastroduodenoscopy sigmoidoscopy


91

1, Abdominal ultrasound showing cholelithiasis.

2, Oral (gall) / cv / (bladder) / cv / (x-ray image showing stones).


92

Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts

Diagnostic imaging



 barium enema (BE) upper GI (gastrointestinal)

Endoscopy





 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)


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ERCP


94


Laboratory

 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies test

 fecal occult blood test


95

Complementary Terms

Built from Word Parts abdominal aphagia colorectal dyspepsia dysphagia gastroenterology gastromalacia glossopathy


96

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) ileocecal nasogastric pancreatic peritoneal proctologist stomatogastric sublingual


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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts ascites diarrhea dysentery flatus gavage hematemesis nausea reflux vomit (emesis)


Abbreviations

A & P resection

BE

EGD

ERCP

GERD

GI

H. pylori

IBS

N & V

PEG

UGI

UPPP


99

Objectives - Cardiovascular System

Chapter 10

Cardiovascular and

Lymphatic Systems

heart:

blood vessels:

veins:

Combining Forms for Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Combining Forms Used with Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Digestive System

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Objectives - Cardiovascular System

Chapter 10

Cardiovascular and

Lymphatic Systems

heart:

blood vessels:

veins:

Combining Forms for Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Combining Forms Used with Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Digestive System

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