Highlights of Chinese Civilization
and Local Culture
中国地方文化英语导读
00041010
School of Foreign Languages
Suzhou University
第五章
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教育（Education）
1、教学内容：
掌握各时期的教育体制及特征，对比中西教育理念。
讲授内容：
(1). 中国教育的历史起源和文字记载
(2). 各个历史时期的教育体制及其特征，包括：夏商时代
的教育萌芽和发展；周朝的教育特色；春秋战国时期的教
育成就；秦汉时期的教育体制；隋唐时期的科举制度；宋
朝的书院；明清时期的教育发展；中国现代教育的发展
• 2、教学要点：
•
重点掌握各个历史阶段的教育体制和特征以及不同教育
体制对中国传统文化延续和发展的作用。
How a good education has always
been highly valued in China
• Three-Character Scripture says “if no proper
education is given to the children, their nature
will go bad” .
• Confucius taught us that “it is a pleasure to learn
something and to try it out at intervals”.
• Mencius’ mother moved her home three times in
order to choose a fine neighborhood and create
a better learning environment for Mencius.
Provoking Questions
• How is education valued in western
countries?
• What political implications does a new
educational policy have?
• What do you know about education in
the West? How is it different from that
of China?
News from China
• Zhou Ji, Minister of Education, answers questions
during a press conference at the Press Center.
Education Minister Zhou Ji, relevant officials from
the Ministry of Education and some NPC
deputies accept a group interview on “Equal
Access to Education” at the Press Center (the
Media Center) in Beijing on March 14, 2008.
• Poor students in China now have one more
choice to obtain bank loans to be used as their
tuition fees of higher learning institutions.
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/17/content_11722291.htm
China launches new project “Equal
Access to Education’’
• China launches new project to support poor
students get through education this year.
• Another major advance in promoting
educational equality was that the central
government exempted students in rural
areas from tuition and miscellaneous fees
related to nine-year compulsory education
last year, said an official with the ministry.
News from America
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Bush Lauds Education Reforms
Questions based on the recording:
1. What is an American priority?
2. What policy will be issued in terms of the
education reform?
3. What is the political implication of the
education reform?
http://www.wwenglish.com/t/d/voastan/2004/1/13320.htm
http://www.ebigear.com/res-193-7777700003585.html
News from Australia
• An education revolution launched by
Kevin Rudd Federal Labor Leader
http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/14/2090746.htm
Cultural collision of the two
different education
• Illustration 1: episode from Guasha the
Treatment
• Illustration 2: episode from The Joy
Luck Club
Your Feedback
Scene 1
• Why did Datong Xu have a conflict with
his boss Mr Kunland?
• What different belief does China have
toward child education? What about in
the west or in U.S.?
• Can the Chinese way be applied in the
west?
Your Feedback
Scene 2
• Can young Chinese overseas accept
the traditional way of education?
• What is the traditional way of educating
children?
I. Ancient Achievement
1. Educational Existence in the Xia and the Shang Dynasties
2. Educational Feature in the Zhou Dynasty
3. Educational Achievement in Spring-Autumn and Warring
States Period
4. Educational System in the Qin and the Han Dynasties
5. Imperial Civil Service Examination in the Sui and the Tang
Dynasties
6. Educational Academy in the Song Dynasty
7. Educational Development in the Ming and the Qing
Dynasties
II. Modern Development
Educational Existence in the Xia and
the Shang Dynasties
• xiang (庠) how to raise children
• xiao (校)
• xu (序)
• xue (学)
to educate
to defend the country
to offer moral education
Educational Feature in the Zhou
Dynasty
• “To learn at feudal officialdoms” was the major
educational feature of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
• li (礼)
the education of state politics, history and
individual ethics and morality
• Yue (乐) a comprehensive art, including vocal
music, musical instruments and dances
• She (射) archery, or arrow shooting
• Yu (御) chariot-riding
• shu (书) history and character writing
• shu (数) arithmetic contents
Educational Achievement in SpringAutumn and Warring States Period
• The desire to master knowledge to transform the
society helped to bring about the emergence of
private schools.
• The teaching curriculum gradually gave way to the
Four Books and the Five Classics, which outlined
principles for the society and the government, as well
as codes for personal conducts.
• ji xia xue gong (稷下学宫), a famous state-owned
school, was set up at Gate Ji in Linzi, the capital of
State Qi.
Important features of ji xia xue gong
• Its scholars did not hold any official titles and were
not responsible for any administrative affairs.
• Free debating was a normal academic practice.
• No regular masters existed.
• It formulated in history the first rule of regulations
that scholars had to follow, Scholars’ Obligations,
which had strict stipulations ranging from respecting
masters and parents to esteeming morality and
studying courses, from eating and living to clothing
and physical appearance, and from classroom
attendance to after-class revision.
Educational System in the Qin and the
Han Dynasties
• The Imperial College (太学) was set up in Chang’an,
where the students were provided with free food and
mainly studied the Confucian classics.
• In the Prefecture, the schools were called xue, in the
County xiao, in the Commune yang, and in the
Village xu. （郡国设学、县邑设校、乡聚设庠序）
• In xue and xiao, there was a Classic Master, and in
yang and xu, there was a Piety Classic Master.(校学
设经师一人，庠、序置《孝经》师一人。 )
• Hong du men xue（鸿都门学）, the first specialist
arts college in the world was established in Luo Yang
in the East Han Dynasty.(文艺专科大学 )
Imperial Civil Service Examination in
the Sui and the Tang Dynasties
• In the Sui Dynasty, the imperial civil service
examination was put into practice to select officials
and talents.
• The examination was composed of two parts, an arts
exam and a martial arts exam. The arts examination
included composition, literature, law, calligraphy, and
paintings, while the martial examination included
shooting on horseback and on foot, pistol shooting,
weightlifting, and wrestling.
• A special exam for tongzijun (smart little children)
was similar in many ways to today’s special classes
for gifted children.
• In the Tang Dynasty, the examination was divided
into regular disciplines and imperial disciplines (常
举和制举 ). Annual examinations were called regular
ones, and temporary ones on the call of the Emperor
were called imperial ones.
• There were two types of exams that were given,
mingjing (明经 illuminating the classics examination)
and jinshi (进士 presented scholar examination).
• There were three types of schools: local official
schools (地方官学 ) , central government official
schools(中央官学 ) and private school (私塾).
Educational Academy in the Song
Dynasty
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The examination system underwent great
innovation both in form and content.
1.
The number of examination honors was broadened.
2.
The frequency of examination was limited to a fixed “once
every three years”.
Wang Anshi changed the practice of blank-filling of verses into
compositions about the verse, giving free reign to the ability of
the candidates.
To prevent examiners’ favoritism, examinees’ names were
covered on their papers
3.
4.
• The Academies of Classical Learning (书院) first
emerged in the Tang Dynasty, and was popular in the
Song Dynasty.
• It usually has three architectural characteristics: being
located beside mountains or along rivers, featuring
three architectural parts respectively for lecturing,
book collecting and ritual performance, and boasting
large quantities of inscriptions by famous man of
letters.
• The four great Academies in China are: Yuelu
Academy in Hunan Province (岳麓书院), Bailudong
Academy in Jiangxi Province (白鹿洞书院), Yingtian
Academy in Henan Province (应天书院) and
Songyang Academy in Henan Province(嵩阳书院) .
Bailudong Academy
Yuelu Academy
Yingtian Academy
Songyang Academy
Educational Development in the Ming
and the Qing Dynasties
• The central government managed to found schools
called central directorates of the Imperial Academy
(国子监 ), noble academies (宗学), local prefecture
academies (府学), district academies (州学) and
county academies (县学). In the frontiers, there were
defense academies (卫学).
• There were three stages to become an official:
provincial examination (xiangshi), metropolitan
examination (huishi) by the Board of Rites, and
palace examination (dianshi) by the Emperor himself.
• The provincial and metropolitan examiners tested
only “eight-legged” essays.
Modern Education in China
1840-1949 (Opium War - P.R.C.)
1949-1966 (P.R.C. - Cultural Revolution)
1966-1976 (Cultural Revolution)
1976-present (Post-Mao Reforms)
The government restored College Entrance Examination in 1977.
1840-1949 (Opium War - P.R.C.)
• the Imperial School of Translators(京师同文馆1862) -- the first modern school teaching western languages
and science
• the Imperial University(京师大学堂1898) --- the first
school of higher learning
• In 1903, the first nation-wide education system was
implemented and in 1905 the civil service examination
system was dismantled.
• Japanese educational models – German models –
American models – the former Soviet Union’s models
京
师
同
文
馆
京师同文馆
京师大学堂
Asssignment
• 观看《揭秘中华古文化》相关剧集，了解
中国礼乐文化，思考并探讨中国古代科举
制度的历史意义及对中国教育的重要影响。
•
结合观看英文故事片《刮痧》和《喜福
会》重要片断以及英文电视记录片《中国
学校》，思考并讨论中西方教育理念的差
异。