Atoms, Elements, Compounds
By Lucas Kraschnewski
Green Bay Site
Lesley University
&
the
What is an Atom?
* Atoms make up everything
*Atoms are the smallest particle (thing)
anything can be divided / broken down into
* Atoms are the “Building Blocks” of all things
Remember: Atoms can’t be broken down into smaller
things!!
However…
Each atom is made up of a combination of 3 particles:
1. Protons
2. Neutrons
3. Electrons
WARNING: Attempting to
break down atoms into
smaller particles (Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons)
may result in HUGE
release of energy!!
Click to see!!
Splitting an individual atom is not
a real good idea!!
-Atoms are super, super, super….. SMALL!
* 1 Penny is made of 20,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
atoms!!
-So, don’t worry about splitting one with your knife
at home and blowing up your house!
COMBINING ATOMS TOGETHER
FORMS…….
* Pure Substances that cannot be separated into
simpler substances by physical or chemical means.
Pure Substance – is a substance made of only one
type of atom
FOR EXAMPLE…..
The Million $$ Question: HOW DO YOU MAKE GOLD??
SORRY!!!
Gold is 1 of only 118 Elements
**You can’t make gold!!**
Nor can you make any of the other 117 elements
Because you can’t put a couple of different things together to
make gold, or any other element
Gold is a Pure Substance - made of only 1 type of particle
(those particles being gold atoms!!)
Gold is gold. You can’t make it. It’s made of gold. Gold was
just here naturally when we got here!!!
These are the only elements found on earth. They are
all pure substances. You cannot make any of them.
They are all just here naturally! (Ag - above is the
symbol for Gold)
Here’s how it all
works together!!
Atoms are put together to make
Elements and Elements are put
together to make….
* Compounds are pure substances
made up of 2 or more elements that are
chemically combined
- Water is a good example!!
- Water is a common compound
- Water is made up of 2 different
elements
1. Hydrogen (H)
REMEMBER: Compounds are pure
substances made up of 2 or more elements
that are chemically combined!
2. Oxygen (O)
* Take a look around you *
Most of the things around you are compounds.
They are made up of a combination of different
elements. Remember – there are only 118 total
elements, but MILLIONS and MILLIONS of
compounds!
Compounds are chemically combined elements:
That means the elements that are combined
have changed into a new substance when put
together.
For Example: WATER (H2O)
Is made up of Hydrogen (which is a gas by itself)
and Oxygen (which is also a gas by itself).
However, when put next to each other, they
chemically combine and form a liquid (a new
substance)
ATOMS
Pure Substance
Smallest Possible
Particle
-------------------
ELEMENTS
Pure Substance
Made Up of Many of
the Same Atoms
Ex. Oxygen, Helium,
Gold, Silver
COMPOUNDS
Pure Substance
Made Up of Different
Elements
Ex. Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Arrangement of the
Periodic Table
* Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table by increasing
Atomic Number
- ATOMIC NUMBER: The # of Protons in each
atom of that particular element
Atomic #
“Click” to see how the elements are arranged by
increasing atomic number
Atomic Number &
Parts of Atoms
Atoms are made up of 3 particles. Do you
remember what they are??? If not….click here
Protons
Neutrons
Charge: Positive (+)
Charge: None (neutral) Charge: Negative (-)
Location: Nucleus
Location: Energy
Rings – (around
Indicated By: Mass
Number - which is total nucleus)
of protons and
Indicated By: Atomic
neutrons in nucleus
Number
Location: Nucleus
Indicated By: Atomic #
Electrons
- Refers to size of that particular elements atoms
- Is the average TOTAL # OF PROTONS + NEUTRONS
- A.K.A Mass Number
(Atomic Mass)
Carbon for example has
6 protons and 6 neutrons
for a total of 12!
Energy Level Rings
Let’s Take a Closer Look!!
* Contain Electrons
Ring 1 (closest to nucleus)
can hold 2 electrons
Nucleus
Ring 2 = 8 Electrons
* Contains Protons
Ring 3 = 8 Electrons
and Neutrons
Ring 4 = 18 Electrons
Ring 5 = 32 Electrons
Ring 6 = 64 Electrons
Facts / Rules about ALL Atoms
1. Atoms have no overall charge
a. They have Protons which have a positive
charge (+)
(like the positive end of a magnet or
battery)
b. They have Electrons which have a
negative charge (-)
However, they ALWAYS have the same number of
protons and electrons!!! So, the charges cancel out and
the atom as a whole, has no charge.
* It works just like adding negative and positive
numbers: -3 + 3 = 0
2. The first energy level must be full of electrons
(2) before filling the 2nd energy level (8) before
filling the 3rd energy level (8) etc.
Click Here if you
would like to reexamine
Look at 1 Atom of the Element Carbon
Atomic Number =
6
(So, carbon atoms have 6 protons and 6 electrons)
Atomic Mass = 12
(So, carbon atoms have a TOTAL of 12 Protons and Neutrons
*Remember we already have 6 Protons, so we need to add in 6 Neutrons)
KEY
Protons:
Neutrons:
Electrons:
1 Atom of the Element Oxygen
Atomic Number = 8
Atomic Mass = 16
8
8 Protons and 8 Electrons
8 Protons + (8) Neutrons = 16
O
16.00
Key
Protons:
Neutrons:
Electrons:
Compounds
Why do elements combine in a certain ratio?
For Example – Why is Water H 2O and not H 3O or H 4O etc ?
Because all elements want to be
happy!!!
And just like you and I, we aren’t happy
unless we are full!!
What I mean is that elements want their outer
energy level ring to be full of electrons.
Why is Water (H O)?
2
You have to look at each element individually to understand!
1
1
8
H
H
O
1.00
1.00
16.00
Remember, atoms want their outer energy level filled!
The Hydrogen atoms want to gain 1 electron each, to
fill their outer level. The Oxygen wants to gain 2
electrons to fill it’s outer level. So…..the 3 of them
decide to share!
The Compound Water: H 2O
Oxygen
Hydrogen and Oxygen
share some of their
electrons! ( )
* Count the electrons in
the outer ring on all 3Are they full now?
YES!!!!
All 3 are Full and
All 3 are Happy!!
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
The Compound Table Salt : Sodium
Chloride (NaCl)
11
Na
23.00
Sodium atoms have an extra electron to get rid of.
Chlorine atoms want 1 electron. So, Sodium gives
the extra one to Chlorine. Now they are both happy.
Their outer levels are full!!
17
Cl
35.50
Periodic Table Design /
Arrangement
H
Li
Be
The horizontal rows of
elements are called Periods
Na Mg
K
Ca SC
Ti
Rb
Sr
Y
Cs
Ba
Fr
Ra
V
He
B
C
N
O
F
Al
Si
P
S
Cl Ar
Cr
Mn Fe
Co
Ni
Zr
Nb Mo
Tc Ru
Rh
Pd Ag Cd
In
Sn
Sb Te
La
Hf
Ta
Re Os
Ir
Pt
Tl
Pb
Bi
Ac
Rf
Db Sg Bh
W
Hs
Cu Zn Ga Ge
Au Hg
Mt Uun Uuu Uub
UUq
Ne
As Se Br Kr
I
Xe
Po At Rn
Uuh
The up and down columns of elements are
called GROUPS or FAMILIES
Uuo
Groups / Families
Why are certain elements in certain groups or
families???
All elements within a group are related:
A. There are 18 Groups of elements on the Periodic Table
B. They all have the same number of electrons in their outer
energy level rings
C. They are all similar substances (Shiny Metals, Gases, etc)
Group 1 Elements
- The Alkali Metals
H
Li
Be
Na Mg
K
Ca
He
1. These elements are all soft, silver-colored,
B
C
N O
shiny, and have a low density
Al
Si
P
S
2. They all have 1 electron in their outer energy
levelV Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
SC Ti
F
Ne
Cl Ar
Br Kr
3. They are all metals
Rb
Sr
Cs
Ba
Fr
Ra
Y
Zr
Nb Mo
Tc Ru
Rh
Pd Ag Cd
In
Sn
Sb Te
I
4. They are all very reactive (They only need to
get Ta
rid of
electron)
willTlcombine
La Hf
W 1Re
Os Ir so
Pt they
Au Hg
Pb Bi with
Po At
nearly any other element to form a new
Ac Rf
Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub
UUq
Uuh
compound
Xe
Rn
Uuo
Group 2 Elements
- The Alkaline Earth
Metals
B
C
H
Li
Be
N
O
F
P
S
Cl Ar
Ca SC
2. They all have 2 electrons in their outer
Ti
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
energy
level ring
Br Kr
Sr
Zr
Mo are
Tc silver
Ru Rhcolored,
Pd Ag but
Cd In
Sn dense
Sb Te
3. Nb
They
more
1. These elements are all metals
Al
Na Mg
K
Rb
He
Y
Si
I
Ne
Xe
than the Alkali metals
Cs
Ba
La
Fr
Ra
Ac
Hf
Ta
W
Re Os
Ir
Pt
Au Hg
Tl
Pb
4. They are reactive, but not quite as
reactive
1 elements
Rf Db
Sg BhasHstheMtgroup
Uun Uuu
Uub
UUq
Bi
Po At Rn
Uuh
Uuo
Group 3 - 12 Elements
H
Li
He
- The Transition Metals
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
1. These elements
Al are
Si all
P metals
S Cl Ar
Na Mg
2. They are all
K Ca SC Ti
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga shiny,
Ge As good
Se Br Kr
conductors, are
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In very
Sn Sb
Te and
I Xe
dense,
have high
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl melting
Pb Bi Po
At Rn
points
Fr
Ra
Ac
Rf
Db Sg Bh
Hs
Mt Uun Uuu Uub
3. They all have 1
UUq
Uuh
Uuo
or 2 electrons in
their outer
energy level ring
Group 13 Elements
H
Li
Be
1.
Na Mg
K
Ca
Rb
Sr
2.
Cs
Ba
Fr
Ra
- The Boron
Group
These elements are all
solids at room
SC Ti
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
temperature
Y Zr all
Nb have
Mo Tc3 Ru Rh Pd
They
electrons in their outer
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt
energy level ring
Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
3. They
are all reactive
He
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Al
Si
P
S
Cl Ar
Cu Zn Ga Ge
As Se Br Kr
Ag Cd
In
Sn
Sb Te
Au Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Uun Uuu Uub
UUq
I
Xe
Po At Rn
Uuh
Uuo
Group 14 Elements
- The Carbon
Group
H
Li
Be
Na 1.
Mg These
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
elements are all
solids at room
Ca temperature
SC Ti
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
Y ZrallNb
Mo Tc
Ru Rh Pd
2.Sr They
have
4 electrons
in their outer energy
Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt
level ring
Ra
Ac
Rf
Db Sg Bh
Hs
He
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Al
Si
P
S
Cl Ar
Cu Zn Ga Ge
As Se Br Kr
Ag Cd
In
Sn
Sb Te
Au Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Mt Uun Uuu Uub
UUq
I
Xe
Po At Rn
Uuh
Uuo
Group 15 Elements
- The Nitrogen Group
H
Li
Be
B
1. These elements all have
5 electrons in their outer Al
energy level ring
Na Mg
K
Ca SC
Rb
Sr
Y
Cs
Ba
La
Fr
Ra
Ac
Ti
V
Cr
Mn Fe
Co
Ni
Rf
Db Sg Bh
Hs
C
N
O
F
Si
P
S
Cl Ar
Cu Zn Ga Ge
2. All but Nitrogen are
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag
solids at room
temperature
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au
He
As Se Br Kr
Cd
In
Sn
Sb Te
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Mt Uun Uuu Uub
UUq
Ne
I
Xe
Po At Rn
Uuh
Uuo
Group 16 Elements
H
Li
Be
Na Mg
- The Oxygen
Group B C
1. These elements all have 6
electrons in their outer
SC Ti
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
energy level ring
K
Ca
Rb
Sr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd
2.Y They
are all reactive
Cs
Ba
Fr
Ra
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
3.
All but oxygen are solids
at room temperature
Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub
Ag Cd
Al
Si
He
N
O
F
Ne
P
S
Cl Ar
Ga Ge
As Se Br Kr
In
Sn
Sb Te
Tl
Pb
Bi
UUq
I
Xe
Po At Rn
Uuh
Uuo
Group 17 Elements
- The Halogens
H
Li
Na
K
Be
1.
These elements all have 7
electrons in their outer energy
Mg
level ring
Ca SC
Ti
V
Cr
Mn Fe
Co
Ni
He
B
C
N
O
F
Al
Si
P
S
Cl Ar
Cu Zn Ga Ge
As Se Br Kr
Rb
2. They are all very reactive (they
to gain
electron)
Sr only
Y Zrneed
Nb Mo
Tc Ru 1Rh
Pd Ag Cd In
Sn
Sb Te
Cs
3.
Ba They
La Hf are
Ta all
W nonmetals
Re Os Ir Pt
Pb
Bi
Fr
Au Hg
4.
of
Ra They
Ac Rf are
Db poor
Sg Bhconductors
Hs Mt Uun Uuu
Uub
electricity, react to form salts,
never found uncombined
Tl
UUq
Ne
I
Xe
Po At Rn
Uuh
Uuo
Group 18 Elements
- The Noble Gases
H
Li
Be
B
C
1. These elements are all nonmetals
Na Mg2.
K
Their outer energy levels are Al
all
full (8) or (2 for helium)
Ca SC
Ti
V
Cr
Mn Fe
Co
Ni
Cu Zn Ga Ge
Rb
3. They are all colorless, odorless
Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In
gases at room temperature
Cs
Ba
Fr
Si
Sn
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb
4.LaThey
are all unreactive (they are
combine
with
Ra Acfull,
Rf they
Db Sgdon’t
Bh Hs
Mt Uun Uuu
Uub other
UUq
elements)
He
N
O
F
Ne
P
S
Cl Ar
As Se Br Kr
Sb Te
Bi
I
Xe
Po At Rn
Uuh
Uuo
Facts about compounds!!
1. Group 1 elements combine with group 17 elements
because group 1 elements want to lose 1 electron and
group 17 elements want to gain 1 electron Ex. NaCl
(Table Salt)
* Group 2 combine with Group 16 etc. for the same
reason
2. Compounds form 2 ways:
A. Elements share electrons in order to become full
(Water-H2O)
B. Elements exchange electrons in order to become
full (Table Salt-NaCl)
Element Symbol / Name Reference Page 1
1. H – Hydrogen
2. He – Helium
3. Li-Lithium
4. Be-Beryllium
5. B-Boron
6. C-Carbon
7. N-Nitrogen
8. O-Oxygen
9. F-Fluorine
10. Ne-Neon
11. Na-Sodium
12. Mg-Magnesium
13. Al-Aluminum
14. Si-Silicon
15. P-Phosphorus
16. S-Sulfur
17. Cl-Chlorine
18. Ar-Argon
19. K-Potassium
20. Ca-Calcium
21. Sc-Scandium
22. Ti-Titanium
23. V-Vanadium
24. Cr-Chromium
25. Mn-Manganese
26. Fe-Iron
27. Co-Cobalt
28. Ni-Nickel
29. Cu-Copper
30. Zn-Zinc
31. Ga-Gallium
32. Ge-Germanium
33. As-Arsenic
34. Se-Selenium
35. Br-Bromine
36. Kr-Krypton
37. Rb-Rubidium
38. Sr-Strontium
39. Y-Yttrium
40. Zr-Zirconium
41. Nb-Niobium
42. Mo-Molybdenum 43. Tc-Technetium
44. Ru-Ruthenium
45. Rh-Rhodium
46. Pd-Palladium
47. Ag-Silver
48. Cd-Cadmium
49. In-Indium
50. Sn-Tin
51. Sb-Antimony
52. Te-Tellurium
53. I-Iodine
54. Xe-Xenon
55. Cs-Cesium
56. Ba-Barium
57. La-Lanthanum
58. Ce-Cerium
59. Pr-Praseodymium
60. Nd-Neodymium
61. Pm-Promethium 62. Sm-Samarium
63. Eu-Europium
64. Gd-Gadolinium
65. Tb-Terbium
66. Dy-Dysprosium
67. Ho-Holmium
68. Er-Erbium
69. Tm-Thulium
70. Yb-Ytterbium
71. Lu-Lutetium
72. Hf-Hafnium
73. Ta-Tantalum
74. W-Tungsten
75. Re-Rhenium
76. Os-Osmium
77. Ir-Iridium
78. Pt-Platinum
79. Au-Gold
80. Hg-Mercury
81. Tl-Thallium
82. Pb-Lead
83. Bi-Bismuth
84. Po-Polonium
Element Symbol / Name Reference Page 2
85. At-Astatine
86. Rn-Radon
90. Th-Thorium
88. Ra-Radium
89. Ac-Actinium
91. Pa-Protactinium 92. U-Uranium
93. Np-Neptunium
94. Pu-Plutonium
95. Am-Americium
96. Cm-Curium
98. Cf-Californium
99. Es-Einsteinium
100. Fm-Fermium
101. Md-Mendelevium
104. Rf-Rutherfordium
108. Hs-Hassium
97. Bk-Berkelium
105. Db-Dubnium
109. Mt-Meitnerium
112. Uub*-Ununbium 113. Unnamed
116. Uuh*-Ununhexium
87. Fr-Francium
102. No-Nobelium
103. Lr-Lawrencium
106. Sg-Seaborgium 107. Bh-Bohrium
110. Uun*-Ununnilium
111. Uuu*-Unununium
114. Uuq*-Ununquadium
115. Unnamed
117. Unnamed
118. Uuo*-Ununoctium
*The official names and symbols for the elements greater than 109 will eventually be approved by a
committee of scientists.
1. What is the smallest particle something can be divided into?
2. How is an element different from a compound?
3. What does the Atomic Number tell you?
4. What does the Atomic Mass tell you?
5. What are the 3 parts of an atom?
6.
Is water an element or compound? How do you know?
7. What do all elements have in common?
8. How is the Periodic Table arranged?
9. Why are certain elements arranged in families / groups?
10. Why do some elements combine with only a few other
elements?
1. Atoms
2. Elements are made up of a combination of the same atoms.
Compounds are made up of a combination of different elements.
3. Number of protons
4. Total number of protons + Neutrons
5. Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons
6. Compound; It is made up of 2 different elements (H and O)
7. They are all pure substances, can’t be created
8. By increasing Atomic Number
9. They are all similar, they all have the same number of electrons in
their outer energy level ring
10. Elements only combine with other elements if it will result in both of
them being happy (outer energy level full)