APES
ENERGY
Video**Bill Nye – Energy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xw5qtadMSno
ENERGY = THE ABILITY TO DO WORK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDK2p1QbPKQ
POWER = WORK / TIME
Units for Power = watt or kilowatt
Horsepower = for automobiles 1 horsepower = 746 watts
Btu = British Thermal Unit (used in the U.S.)
is the amount of heat required to raise
temperature of 1 pound of water by 1° F.
1 watt = 3.4 Btu/ hr
Energy units
Kilowatt = 1000 or 10 3 watts
Megawatt = 1,000,000 or 10 6 watts
kWh (kilowatt hour) is used for billing
EX. Heater uses 1 kWh
60 watt lightbulb for 1 hour uses .06 kWh
60 watt lightbulb for 1000 hours uses 60 kWh
Measuring electricityhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPat2PULZYw
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
1ST LAW = (also called “law of conservation of energy”
ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED
2ND LAW = WHEN ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO ANOTHER FORM –
A LESS USEFUL FORM RESULTS
EX. Only 20% of energy in gasoline is converted
80 % is lost as heat
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2
6_GN-uL4Jc
ELECTRICITY
Video Energy 101: electricity generationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20Vb6hlLQSg
ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE
Wood (1776)
*Industrial
Revolution
Coal (1850)
Petroleum(1860)
Natural Gas (1880)
Hydroelectric (1890)
Nuclear (1960)
Other Renewables
(1965)
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN UNITED STATES
1
2
3
4
3
4
1
2
ENERGY SOURCES
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES = SOURCES THAT CAN
NOT BE REPLENESHED
EX. FOSSIL FUELS (coal, oil, natural gas)
NUCLEAR ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES = SOURCES THAT CAN BE
REPLENESHED
EX. SOLAR, BIOMASS, GEOTHERMAL
HYDROPOWER, WIND
COAL
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okTQyWAdauc
- Produced by decomposition of ancient organic matter (over 280
million years) under high pressure
- Sulfur is trapped in coal from decomposition of Hydrogen sulfide
- 3 types of Coal
- 1. Lignite (softest, lowest heat content)
- 2. Bituminous (soft, high sulfur content)
- 3. Anthracite (hard, high heat content, low sulfur content)
- Peat = pre-coal (low heat content)
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=XacGwiVmMhY
COAL EXTRACTION
2 METHODS OF MINING COAL
1. SURFACE STRIP MINING
2. UNDERGROUND MINING
Must go through preparation process:
-removing foreign material
-screening for size
-crushing
-washing to remove contaminants
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylkdU
uNOJzw (underground coal mining)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euhb
koFik_8 (strip mining)
COAL CONSUMPTION
consumption
*U.S. consumes the most
*87% of coal is for electricity (largest source used for electricity)
*estimated to last about 300 years at current extraction
COAL POWER PLANT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE
JKiUYjW1E (coal power plant)
COAL (PROS & CONS)
PROS
-more abundant than other
fossil fuels
-high net energy yield
-stable
-not harmful if spilled
CONS
-land disruption (erosion)
-disrupts wildlife habitat
-coal burning produces fly ash
and sludge
-expensive to transport & clean
-causes pollution
-causes global warming
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wd3_B4LqvOw Coal documentary
OIL
-produced by decomposition of deeply buried ocean plants and
animals under high temperature and pressure after millions of years
-products of oil are called petrochemical (paints, medicines, plastics)
-found in varying depths of Earth’s crust
-can be trapped in a layer of porous sandstone between nonporous
rock like limestone or trapped at a fault
OIL EXTRACTION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0WyqQe2W7k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SmSNRTU1Vw
-oil is released by drilling a well and
puncturing the limestone layer
-it flows from the well because it is under
pressure (will be pumped out when pressure
is diminished)
-after oil is collected, it goes to a Refinery
where it is cracked ( cracking involves
separating the components by their boiling
points)
-Refined crude oil produces gasoline, diesel,
asphalt
OIL CONSUMPTION
-about 50 – 70% of crude oil reserve is already gone
-estimated 50 year supply left
-most of oil reserve is in Middle East
-U.S. owns 3% of world’s oil reserve
-U.S. uses 30% of extracted oil / year
-2/3 of oil used in U.S. is for transportation
-1/4 of oil used in U.S. is for industry
-Oil imports in U.S. have declined due to improved energy efficiency
OIL (PROS & CONS)
PROS
-inexpensive
-Easily transported with
pipeline network
-high net energy yield
-versatile (produces paints,
medicine, plastics etc.)
CONS
- Oil reserves limited
- Produces pollution (SO2, NO,
CO2)
- Releases wastewater & brine
(salty water)
- Disrupts land surface (erosion)
- Disrupts wildlife habitat
- Oil spills (land & ocean)
NATURAL GAS
- Methane or CH4 from dense shale rock
- Methane is a greenhouse gas, is highly flammable and odorless
- By decomposition of ancient organic matter under high
temperature and high pressure
- Associated with oil deposits (floats above oil)
- Can be liquefied (LNG – liquid natural gas)
NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION/HYDROFRACKING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXDWEb6RjZY
-flows from wells (under pressure) due to hydrofracking
-HYDROFRACKING = HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
1. chemicals are mixed with large quantities of water
2. these chemicals are injected into wells at high pressure to
create fractures in the rock
3. this allows natural gas (and oil) to escape and flow out of well
*PROS= short process, well can be in production for 20 to 40 years
*CONS= toxic, radioactive, liquid waste pose storage/disposal issues
(can contaminate water supply), impacts flora (plants) and
fauna (animals)
20.9%
13.6%
4.6%
4.2%
3.7%
2.9%
2.7%
2.4%
2.3%
2.2%
40.6%
NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION
-most natural gas
reserves are in the
Middle East
-Russia and Kazakstan
together have 40%
NATURAL GAS (PROS & CONS)
-
PROS
Pipeline network (LNG can be
transported by rail & ship)
Inexpensive
World reserves will last 125
years
High net energy yield
Produces less pollution than
other fossil fuels
CONS
-H2S AND SO2 are released
during processing
-LNG processing is expensive
and dangerous
-disrupts land area
-releases contaminated waste
water and brine
NUCLEAR ENERGY
-can result from Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
-Nuclear Fission= when an atom splits into 2 or more smaller nuclei
*when controlled, heat produced will form the steam needed
to turn a turbine and generate electricity
-common nuclear fuels used are isotopes of Uranium like:
U-235, U-238, Pu-239
-(half-life years)U-235 is 700 million , U-238 is 4.5 billion , Pu is 24,000
-U-238 will decay into Pu-239
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
4 different nuclear reactor types
- 1. light-water reactor (uses normal water)
- 2. heavy-water reactor (uses deuterium oxide water)
- 3. graphite-moderated reactor (uses graphite)
- 4. exotic reactors (experimental material)
ALL NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING:
CORE= contains fuel rods with fuels like U-235
CONTROL RODS= move in and out of core to absorb neutrons
and slow down reaction
Moderator= uses a medium such as water or graphite to reduce
velocity of fast neutrons
COOLANT= removes heat and produces the steam
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
NUCLEAR ENERGY – PROS & CONS
PROS
-amount of potential energy is
10 million times more than
fossil fuels
-1/6 of CO2 emission (little air
pollution)
-little land disruption
CONS
-nuclear waste is highly
radioactive for thousands of
years
-low net energy yield due to
mining & processing uranium,
building & operating the plant,
Storage & disposal of waste
-safety/malfunction issues
ENERGY CONSERVATION
EPA= Environmental Protection Agency
NRC=Nuclear Regulatory Commission
DOE=Department of Energy
Energy Star= develops programs to save
energy and avoid greenhouse gases
CAFE=(Corporate Average Fuel Economy)
are standards for fuel economies
which follow EPA guidelines
Standards include:
*better engine design
*weight reduction
*streamlining
*hybrid technology