Chapter 16
The First Global Age: Europe, the
Americas, and Africa (1492-1750)
Jonathan Gallo
Per:D
Section 1: Conquest in the
Americas
• Key People
• Tainos- Natives of the Caribbean
• Hernan Cortes- Conqustador who arrived on the coast of
Mexico in 1519 he destroyed and conquered Tenochtilan
• Malinche- (Dona Marina) serverd as a translator for
Cortes
• Moctezuma- Aztec king who gave gifts to Cortez whom
he thought was a god. He was killed in battle.
• Francisco Pizarro- Arrived in Peru in 1532. He captured
Ican king Atahualpa and held him for ransom. He was
paid the ransom, but he killed the king in 1532.
Key Definintions
• Conquistador- name for Spanish explorers
who claimed lands in the Americas for
Spain in the 1500s and 1600s.
• Immunity- natural protection
• Alliance- formal agreement between two
or more nations or powers to cooperate
and come to one another’s defense.
• Civil War- War fought between two groups
of people in the same nation.
• 1519-Spanish soldiers reach the Aztec
capital of Tenochtitlan. In the next few
years the Spanish will capture and destroy
the capital. In its place the Spanish will
build a new capital New Mexico.
• 1492 Christopher Columbus lands in the
Caribbean. The native Taino were friendly
to the Spanish until the conquistadors
stole their goods, forced them to work, and
forced Christianity to them. European
diseases such as small pox, measles, and
influenza wiped out most of the native
population.
• The stories of empires rich in gold attracted many
Spanish explorers.
• Hernan Cortez arrived in Mexico in 1519. Malinche
helped Cortez form alliances so they could fight against
the Aztecs.
• Aztec emperor welcomed the Spanish with open arms
believing that they were Aztec gods. He showered them
with gifts in hopes that the Spanish wouldn’t invade the
capital. Cortez invaded anyway. Moctezuma was killed in
battle. In 1521 Cortez captured and destroyed the
capital. Later the Sanish would build Mexico City on its
ruins.
Francisco Pizarro
• He arrived in Peru in 1532.
• With help form Indian allies he captured
Incan ruler Atahualpa. He demanded a
huge ransom for Atahualpa and the Icans
paid it, but the Spanish killed Atahualpa
anyway.
• After this Spain was able to conquer most
of South America with little resistance.
Section 2: Spanish and Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
• Key People and Words
• Council of the Indies- A council used to pass
laws for the colonies.
• Bartolome de Las Casas- A priest who was
against the encomienda system. He helped end
the enslavement of the native Americans
• New Laws of the Indies- a bill in 1542 that
forbade the enslavement of native Americans.
• Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz- Spanish nun who
became a great poet.
Key Definitions
• Viceroy- A representative who ruled a Spanish colony in the king’s
name.
• Plantation- A large estate runed by an owner. The workers worked
and lived on the land.
• Encomienda- The Spanish government allowed its colonist to
demand labor or tribute form the Native Americans
• Peon- A worker who has to labor for a landlord to pay off his debt.
• Peninsular- Spanish upper class in the Spanish colonies in the
Americas
• Creole- American born descendants of Spanish settlers
• Mestizo- Native American and European descent
• Mulatto- African and European descent
• Privateer- pirate
• Spain loaded up on silver form there colonies. Thousands of Native
Americans were forced to extract rich ore for Spanish profit. Along
with the conquistadors came missionaries form Spain. These
Spanish missionaries thought it was there duty to convert the
natives to Christianity.
• In the 1500s Spain claimed a huge empire from South America and
California. It’s most important lands were New Spain (Mexico) and
Peru.
• Spanish missionaries introduced Christianity and western culture
and ideas to the natives such as (the Spanish language, carpentry,
and locksmithing.
• Spanish colonists could only trade with Spain. The Spanish
colonists had the right to demand labor and tribute from the natives.
• Under this encomienda system Spain received a large amount of
silver, gold, and sugar. The Native Americans were frequently
abused and suffered under the encomienda system.
Bartolome de las Casas
• Bartolome de las Casas was a priest.
• Bartolome de las Casas spoke out against the encomienda system
• In 1542 the New Laws of the Indies forbade the slavery of Native
Americans.
• Thought the encomienda system was banned the Spanish found
other ways to exploit the Native Americans.
• They forced them to work to pay off debts.
• Bartolome de las Casas pleaded that the Spanish should use
Africans as laborers, because they were immune to diseases and
they were skilled workers.
• Bartolome de las Casas would later regret his prior comments due
to the harsh treatment of the Africans.
Social Structure
• Peninsulares-people born in Spain. They filled the
highest position in the government and Catholic Church.
• Creoles- American born Spanish descendants. They
owned plantations, ranches, and mines.
• Colonial cities were centers of government, commerce,
and European culture.
• Only males were allowed to enter universities.
Universities were built to educate priests. A woman’s
only way to get education was to join the convent.
• Both the cultures of the Spanish and the Natives started
to blend.
Portugal
• By the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494
Portugal claimed Brazil.
• Portugal sent nobles over to Brazil to build
up the land.
• As many as five million Africans were sent
to Brazil to clear land for sugar plantations.
• In Brazil Portuguese, Native American,
and African cultures blended.
Section 3: Struggle for North
America
• Key People, Things, and events:
• Samuel de Camplain- built first French settlement in Quebec.
• Louis XIV- French king who forbade Protestants from settling in New
France.
• Jamestown- First English settlement in America. Jamestown,
Virginia 1607
• Pilgrims- English Puritans who escaped England too avoid religious
persecution.
• Mayflower Compact- Guidelines for governing Pilgrim North
American colonies
• French and Indian War- War between France and England over land
in the new world. (England won)
• Treaty of Paris- Ended the war. It forced France to give up all of its
land in the new world.
Key Definitions
• Missionary- someone sent on a religious
mission.
• Revenue- income on taxes.
• Compact- an agreement among people.
Section 3: Struggle for North
America
• European countries such as France, the
Netherlands, England, and Sweden
started claiming parts of North America.
• North America didn’t have a passage to
Asia or riches, but it did have tobacco,
fish, and fur.
• By the 1700s France and England
controlled most of North America.
France
• In 1608 Samuel de Champlain built a
French settlement in Quebec.
• With help from the Native Americans
France’s empire ranged from Quebec to
the Gulf of Mexico.
• Settlers had to abandon farming and had
to become fishermen, fur trappers, and
traders due to the harsh climate.
England
• In 1607 the first English settlers settled in
Jamestown, Virginia. Many people died to
starvation and disease. Settlers started to grow
and sell the valuable tobacco.
• In 1620 English Pilgrims landed on Plymouth
Rock, Massachusetts. Many Pilgrims died in the
early years in the colony. The native Americans
taught them howto grow corn.
• By the 1700s England established 13 colonies
along the east coast.
• In the south plantations were on the rise. This
caused England to import slaves from Africa.
Britain-France
• France had more land in North America,
but Britain had more people.
• Due to expansion a war broke off against
the French and Britain.
• The Native Americans sided with the
French, but that wasn’t enough to stop the
British.
• In 1763 the Treaty of Paris forced France
to give up all of its lands in North America.
Native Americans
• Many Native Americans died due to
diseases and war, but there impact wasn’t
forgotten.
• The colonist learned how to grow: corn,
beans, squash, and tomatoes form the
Native Americans.
• They also learned how to hunt and trap
forest animals from them.
Section 4: Turbulent Centuries in
Africa
• Key Items:
• Middle Passage- part of a 3-legged trade network.
America sent raw materials to Europe. The US received
slaves from African ,and Europe sent goods to Africa.
• Asante- Kingdom ruled by Osei Tutu in the late 1600s.
• Usman dan Fodio- Scholar who denounced the
corruption of Hausa rulers.
• Boer- Dutch farmers were Calvinists. They viewed the
Africans as inferior.
• Shaka- in early 1800s he was a military leader for the
Zueus he conquered many nearly lands
• Great Trek- thousands of Boers who moved north to
escape slavery.
Key Definitions
• Triangular trade- Atlantic slave trade
between Europe, North America, and
Africa.
• repel- cancel the law
• Monopolies- complete control of a product
or business by one person or group.
Section 4: Turbulent Centuries in
Africa
• Many European countries established outposts in Africa
such as Portugal, the Dutch, England, and France.
• These outposts were on the coast of Africa. They were
used for gold trade, food, water, and a place to repair
ships.
• Slaves were the most important part of African trade.
African rulers and traders went into the interior of Africa
to gather slaves and they would exchange them for
textiles, metalwork, rum, tobacco, weapons, and
gunpowder.
• African slaves were transported on small ships. Up to
half the Africans on the ship died form diseases or
mistreatment.
African Resistance
• Some African leaders attempted to slow down or
completely stop slave trade.
• King Affonso of the Kongo attempted to stop
slave trade in the Kongo but his efforts didn’t
matter.
• The almamy of Futa Toro was able to stop slave
trade in Futa Toro, but it didn’t last long.
• By the mid-1800s about 11 million enslaved
Africans were transported to North America.
• 2 million died on these slave ships.
New African States
• Osei Tutu claimed divine right from heaven
and he set up the Asante Kingdom. They
managed royal monopolies over gold
mining and slave trade.
• Between 1780 and 1880 more then a
dozen Islamic leaders rose to power in
Africa.
Section 5: Changes in Europe
• Key Items:
• Columbian exchange- an exchange were
the Europeans received tomatoes, sweet
potatoes, pumpkins, squash, beans and
pineapples. America received chocolate,
tobacco, corn, and potatoes.
• Putting out system- seperated capital and
labor it helped bypass guilds for the first
time.
Key Definitions
• Inflation- rise in prices due to the amount of money
available
• Capitalism- means of production are privately owned and
operated for profit.
• Entrepreneur- person who assumes financial risks in the
hope of making a profit.
• Joint stock company- private trading company in which
shares are sold to investors to finance business ventures
• Mercantilism- policy by which a nation sought to export
more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold
and silver.
• Tariff- tax on imported goods
Section 5: Changes in Europe
• In America there were many new types of food
such as: corn and potatoes. Europe trade food
uncommon o North America for these new exotic
foods. This became known as the Columbian
exchange.
• Millions of people migrated due to the
Columbian exchange. This lead to cultural
diffusion.
• Inflation ran wild thought Europe due to the ever
increasing amount of gold and silver.
Mercantilism
• Under mercantilism inflation rose.
• The price revolution hurt nobles. Their
wealth was in land, and they had trouble
raising money to pay higher costs for
stylish clothing and other luxuries.
Questions:
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1. Early Latin American
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(1)were based on European societies cilizations
(2)used advanced technology to build complex structures
(3)incorporated early Roman architectural design
(4)were strongly influenced by Renaissance
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2. Macchu Picchu
(1)Religious activities were banned
(2)The city was cerimonial
(3)They didn’t plan out the city
(4)The city had a government with laws leadership and a military force
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3.Which is the correct Spanish hierarchy?
(1)Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos/mulattoes, Africans/natives
(2) Africans/natives, Peninsulares, mestizos/mulattoes, creoles,
(3) creoles ,mestizos/mulattoes ,Africans/natives
,Peninsulares
(4)Peninsulares ,mestizos/mulattoes, Africans/natives ,creoles
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4. The growth of maritime and overland trading routes led to
(1)decreased interest in inventions and technology
(2) the limited migration of peoples
(3)Increase in cultural diffusion
(4)The development of subsistence agriculture
• 5. The expeditions of Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro resulted
in the
• (1) destruction of the Aztec and Inca empires
• (2)capture of Brazil by Portugal
• (3)Colonization of North America by Portugal
• (4)exploration of the Philippines and East Indies.
Answers
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1-2
2-4
3-1
4-3
5-1