Chemical Pathways
9-1
Chemical Pathways

Food provides living things with the
chemical building blocks they need to
grow and reproduce
Chemical Energy and Food

One gram of the sugar glucose
(C6H12O6), burned in the presence of
oxygen, releases 3811 calories of heat
energy

A calorie is the amount of energy
needed to raise the temperature of 1
gram of water 1 degree Celsius

Cells don't “burn” glucose
– they gradually release the energy from glucose
and other food compounds

This process begins with a pathway called
glycolysis

Glycolysis releases only a small amount of
energy

If oxygen is present, glycolysis leads to
two other pathways that release a great
deal of energy

If oxygen is not present, however,
glycolysis is followed by a different
pathway
Overview of Cellular Respiration

In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is
followed by the Krebs cycle and the
electron transport chain

Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the
electron transport chain make up a
process called cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the process that
releases energy by breaking down
glucose and other food molecules in the
presence of oxygen

The equation for cellular respiration is:
Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the process in which one
molecule of glucose is broken in half,
producing
– two molecules of pyruvic acid,
• a 3-carbon compound
ATP Production

Even though glycolysis releases energy, the
cell needs to put in a little energy to get things
going

In the beginning, 2 molecules of ATP are
used up

When glycolysis is complete, 4 ATP
molecules have been produced
– This gives the cell a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
NADH Production

Glycolysis removes 4 high-energy
electrons and passes them to an
electron carrier called NAD+

Each NAD+ accepts a pair of highenergy electrons.
– Becomes NADH
– Holds electrons until they are passed to
other molecules

NAD+ helps to pass energy from glucose to
other pathways in the cell

Energy yield is small, but cells can produce
1000’s of ATPs in a few milliseconds

Another advantage, glycolysis doesn’t need
oxygen

When cells generate large amounts of
ATP from glycolysis,
– all NAD+ molecules are filled up with
electrons in a few seconds

Without NAD+, the cell cannot keep
glycolysis going, and ATP production
stops
Fermentation

When oxygen is not present, glycolysis
is followed by fermentation

Fermentation releases energy from
food molecules by producing ATP in the
absence of oxygen.

During fermentation, cells convert
NADH to NAD+ by passing high-energy
electrons back to pyruvic acid

This action allows glycolysis to continue
producing a steady supply of ATP

Because fermentation does not require
oxygen, it is said to be anaerobic

The term anaerobic means “not in air”

The two main types of fermentation are
– alcoholic fermentation
– lactic acid fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation

Yeasts and a few other microorganisms
use alcoholic fermentation
– form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as
wastes

The equation for alcoholic fermentation
after glycolysis is:

Alcoholic fermentation causes breads
to rise

It is the carbon dioxide that causes
holes in bread
Lactic Acid Fermentation

Pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of
glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid

The equation for lactic acid fermentation after
glycolysis is:

Lactic acid is produced in your muscles
during rapid exercise when the body cannot
supply enough oxygen to the tissues.

Your muscles have run out of oxygen and are
producing ATP using lactic acid fermentation

Causes painful, burning sensation in
muscles