Biology
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Notes
What is DNA?

The hereditary material in the ___________________ of cells. What instructions
does DNA give a cell?

What are genes?

These proteins give organisms their _______________, such as eye color.

DNA stands for ___________________________________________.
DNA Structure:

Who discovered the structure of DNA and when was it discovered?

What is the structure of DNA?

DNA is made of repeating subunits called _____________________________.

Nucleotides have 3 parts:
o
o
o
Label the parts of the nucleotide below:
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Biology
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Notes

What parts of nucleotides make up the sides of the ladder?

What parts of nucleotides make up the steps of the ladder?

What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?
o
o
o
o
Complementary Base Pairing:

Watson and Crick discovered that the following base pairing rule exists in DNA
structure:
o
 Held together by _____________________________________
o


Held together by 3 hydrogen bonds
Each pairing includes one ________________ and one
_____________________.
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Biology
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Notes

Label and color the sugars (red), phosphates (green) and nitrogen bases
(A=blue, T=yellow, G=orange, C=purple) in the short DNA strand below. Also,
draw the hydrogen bonds.

Do the DNA modeling activity
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Biology
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Notes

If the sequence of half of a DNA strand is TAGGCC, draw the entire DNA strand.
Label the phosphate groups, deoxyribose sugars, nitrogen bases, and hydrogen
bonds.
Replication:

What is replication?

Where does replication occur?

Each new DNA produced has ½ from the ___________________________ and
½ that is _______________________________.

What is the function of DNA helicase?

What are the functions of DNA polymerase?

How often does replication occur?
Label the replication, transcription, translation worksheet.
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Biology
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Notes
Transcription:

What is transcription?

RNA is _________________________________ so only ½ of the DNA is used
as a template. This half is called the _________________________. The other
half is the ____________________________.

_______________________________ starts at the _________________ on the
DNA and builds the new strand of RNA until it reaches the
___________________________________.

RNA produced leaves the nucleus through _________________________ to
enter the cytosol. Why can RNA leave the nucleus but DNA cannot?

What are the 3 types of RNA produced?
Label the replication, transcription, translation worksheet.
Contrast DNA and RNA:
DNA
RNA
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Biology
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Notes
3 Types of RNA
1. mRNA (messenger)- carries the DNA’s instructions for
_________________________ out of the nucleus to the ___________________
in the cytosol.
o Every 3 nucleotides on mRNA is called a ____________________. Each
codon codes for an _________________________.
o See the codon table below
o What is the start codon?
o What are the stop codons?
o How many different amino acids exist?
Codons in mRNA
2. tRNA (transfer)- carries a specific _______________________ on one end and
an _________________________ on the other end. The anticodon
complements the ______________________________________________.
o Draw the tRNA structure:
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Biology
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Notes
3. 3. rRNA (ribosomal)- Along with protein, this makes up the structure of a
_________________________.
Translation (________________________________):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Draw the translation process below:
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Biology
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Notes
Cell differentiation:
•
All human ____________ cells (non-sex) have the same
_______________________. Then how do we have _________ cells types that
look and function differently?
•
_________________________ (____________________) occurs when
genes (_________________________________________________) do not
experience ______________________ (turned into RNA) or
____________________________ (RNA turned into protein) because the cell
______________________________________.
•
This means that differentiated cells have the ability to behave like any
other cell if given the right gene regulations.
Gene mutations:
•
What is a mutation?
o
Rare
o
Are mutations passed on to offspring?
o
What is a point mutation?
Substitution=
Addition=
Deletion=
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Biology
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Notes
Problem: How would a point mutation affect the resulting protein?
•
DNA sequence of a sense strand:
What is the mRNA produced from this DNA sequence if the promoter is at the beginning
and the termination signal is at the end?
What is the amino acid sequence?
What is the amino acid sequence if the last “G” was deleted?
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