Rome: from beginning to end
Rome: early roots
• Rome founded around
750 B.C.
• Two theories:
– Mythical
– Physical
• Who were they?
– Latins
– Etruscans
– Greeks
• What was borrowed to
shape Roman culture?
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Agriculture
Skills
Education
Architecture
Religion
Size of Rome in the early
Republic
Rome: forming the Republic
• Early Kings
– Etruscan: Tarquin the
Proud
• Why so irritated by
Etruscan rule?
• 509 B.C. last Etruscan
King
• What then begins?
Think hard!!
Republic: Power in the people to
elect their leaders
Patricians
•Aristocrats
•Landowners
•Held Power
Plebeians
•Commoners
•Majority of
population
Senate
•Aristocratic branch
•300 members
•Foreign and
domestic policy
Tribunes
•Protected rights of
Plebeians
•Prevent unfair
practices
Roman System -- based on balance of interests
Monarchical
Aristocratic
Democratic
2 Consuls
+ other magistrates
Senate
Assembly of Tribes
Tribune
Directed government
and army Acted as
judges
Could issue edicts
Acted as chief priest
Controlled state
budget Could pass
laws
Approved/rejected
laws Decided on War
Tribune could veto
actions of magistrate
Acted as final court
Basis of power:
possess imperium,
the right to rule
need for leadership
Basis of power:
Basis of power:
members were richest provided most of the
men in Rome.
soldiers
Limits on power:
one year term
each could veto
Limits on power:
could not control army
needed majority as
soldiers.
American System -- based on balance of powers/functions
Note: The only legitimate interest is that of the people
Executive
Legislative
Judicial
President
Congress
Supreme
Court
Limits on power:
Could not suggest
laws
often paid as clients
by the elite
Republic: Power in the people to
elect their leaders
• Consuls: Leaders (2) to
make governmental and
military decisions
• One year long
• 10 year absence
• One has veto power
over the other
Attributes of the Republic
• Twelve Tables
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Victory for Plebeians
451 B.C.
Prevent interpretation
Protection under the law
for all
• Assemblies
– Were the Tribunes
worked
– Appointed Consuls
• Dictator
– Leader with absolute
power
– Could make laws
– Chosen by consuls
– Elected by senate
Roman Military
• Roman Army
– Required for land owners
– 10 years required for
office
– Legions
• 5000 men
• Smaller 80 men groups
(century)
– Group of soldiers on
horseback support
legions (Calvary)
Roman Warfare
• With a partner create a
timeline of Rome’s rise
to power through its
military.
• Include the following
events or people
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Dominate central Italy
Punic Wars I, II, III
Hannibal
Scipio
Rome: Where is Carthage?
Rome: Punic Wars
• 264 B. C. war erupts
• Carthage Mediterranean
power
• Control’s Sicily, however
happily gave it up in first
treaty following First Punic
War
• What comes next?
Rome: Punic Wars
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Second Punic War
Hannibal: 29 year old general
Brilliant military leader
Avenge Carthages defeat
Assembled a massive army
– 50,000 infantry
– 9,000 calvary
– 60 Elephants
Rome: Second Punic War
Rome: Final Punic War
• Hannibal had success at
Cannae
• However failed to overtake
Rome
• Scipio Roman Hannibal like
figure
• Wanted to put a final end to
threat
• Carthage for the most part
non-factor but decided to
destroy Carthage
Cato the
elder
Inside Check!!
• 750 BC – Rome
Founded
• 600 BC Etruscan King
• 509 BC Aristocrats
Rule – Republic
• 264 BC Punic Wars
• 133/121 BC Gracchus
Brothers killed
• 88-30 BC Roman
Civil Wars
• 31 BC Battle of
Actium
• 27 BC Octavian
becomes Augustus
Emperor of Rome
Rome: The Empire Brings
Change
– Remember what the
Republic was?
– Growth brought political,
social, and economic
changes
– Widening gap between the
rich and poor
– Latifundia – Patrician
estates
– Where were these from?
– Massive Latifundia cause
problems
– Lost land and life to
Patricians
Rome: Empire Brings Change
• Republic finally
collapses
• Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchus – helped the
poor as tribune
• Limiting estate sizes
• Both were killed
ultimately for what?
• Civil War or unrest
• The savage beasts have
their… dens…, but the men
who bear arms and expose
their lives for the safety of
their country, enjoy…nothing
more in it but the air and
light…and wander from place
to place with their wives and
children. – Tiberius Gracchus
Rome: A change is on its way
• During War allegiance
of solders changes
• Gaius Marius &
Cornelius Sulla 88-82
• Rise of Julius Caesar
occurs because of void
• 60 B.C. 1st Triumvirate
• Caesar, Crassus,
Pompey
Rome: A change is on the way
• Caesar was appointed
Consul for one year
• He then became
governor of Gaul
• Three leaders would
run the empire
• Untill????
• What stopped Caesar’s
rule in Gaul?
Rome: A change is on the way
• 50 B.C. Pompey has
the Senate remove
Caesar from Gaul
• 49 B. C. Caesar returns
• 44 B. C. Dictator for life
• Absolute Ruler
• How did Caesar create
change?
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Who might be jealous?
What might happen?
March 15, 44 B.C.
The Ides of March
“Et tu, Brute?”I
Rome: The Empire Begins
• After Caesar’s death
another Civil War
breaks out
• Octavian leads the
charge – grand nephew
• Mark Antony, Lepidus
• Second Triumvirate
• Jealousy
• Actium 31B.C.
• Antony and Cleopatra
Rome: The Empire
• 3 Million Square miles, 60-80 million total
population
• 1 million in the city of Rome
• Agriculture the number one
economic resource
• Roman Roads: Purpose?
Original Purpose?
Rome: The Empire
• The Transfer of Power
• The Bad Emperors
– Caligula
– Nero
– Domitian
• The Good Emperors
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Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian
Antoninus Pius
Marcus Aurelius
Rome: JULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPERORS
• AUGUSTUS
27 BCE - 14 CE
• TIBERIUS
14 - 37 CE
• CALIGULA
37 - 41 CE
• CLAUDIUS
41 - 54 CE
• NERO
54 - 68 CE
• This dynasty is known
as the Julio-Claudians
• Derived from two
families Julian and
Claudian
Rome: Augustus
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Wise politician
Gave up power to receive it
Principate
Praetorian Guard
All offices had been in
existence under the
Republic, but not in one
persons hand
• Imperator – military
• Tribunicia Potestaprotector of the commoners
• Legal power---not
dictatorship
• Not so wise Militarily
• Marcus Agrippa led
much of his military
campaigns
• Civil Service – Tax,
postal, grain
• Biggest fault…a
successor
Rome: Tiberius
• Adopted with much
reluctance
• Paranoid about coups
• Distanced himself from
leadership roles
• Sejanus - Praetorian
Guard
• Treason Trials
• Coin in the potty
• Funny how you
die…Pillow fight!!
Rome: Caligula
• Grand Nephew of
Tiberius
• Ruled for only four
years
• Gaius??Caligula??
Little Boots
• Hated name…
punished if said
• Became increasingly
nuts
• Trusted know one… not
even Macro
• Killed and befriended all
• Incest… a lie?
• Like to spend money!!
Bay of Naples and
Chariot Race
• Be my priest please?
Rome: Claudius
• Was named by
Praetorian Guard as
Emperor
• A chance to restore
republic…get rid of
what?
• Who didn’t want this?
• Also feared
assassination
• Expanded into Britain
• Wife was very
scheming.. Plot to kill
• Married Agrippina,
Caligulas sister
• Elevate Nero to
Emperor
• The Mushroom…ouch
Rome: Nero
• First five years rather
calm
• Man of the Arts
• Killed wives, step
brother
• What to do with
Agrippa? Exile
• The great boat
ride…ouch
• Murder
• Lost out with aristocrats
• Went on trip through
Greece
• Distanced himself
• Guard turned on him
and went after him
• “Oh what an artist the
world is losing.”
The Rise of Christianity
• Roman Gods were
impersonal… Boring
• Christianity was a
movement born with
Judaism … a personal
relationship
• 63 BC
• Romanize … Herod
The Rise of Christianity
• Herod - ruled with iron fist
• Dies… Revolt of Romans … 6 AD Roman
Province
• Zealots – Rid Judea of Romans
• Another group believed that the Messiah would
appear to restore the kingdom of the Jews
• Jesus 6- 4 B.C. Born in Judea
• Age 30 Public Ministry
• What were his teachings?
The Rise of Christianity
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The Apostles
Teachings brought great fame
A threat to Romans and Jews
Blasphemy…
Pontius Pilate – Roman Governor
Sentenced to death.. Three Days Later??
Jesus the Messiah
Peter and other apostles
Paul led small group which created
Christianity
The Rise of Christianity
• Jewish Rebellion over Land
• Diaspora … 1800 years and gone
• Rome sees as a threat. 64 AD
Nero
• Persecutions
• AD 312 Constantine
• Milvian Brridge
• Edict of Milan
• Heresy – New Testament Nicene
Creed
The Niddy Griddy
• Why did Christianity
Grow?
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________
4. ______________
5. ______________
• What critical
moment occurred in
AD 312? Impact?