Update on Dairy
Air Quality Regulations
Frank Mitloehner, PhD
Associate Air Quality CE Specialist
Animal Science
UC Davis
What are the air quality issues?
 National ambient air quality standards
(PM, ozone)
 Hazardous air pollutants (e.g., methyl
bromide)
 Visibility (regional haze)
 Air deposition (acid rain, nitrification)
 Global climate change (greenhouse
gases)
 Odors (nuisance complaints)
What are the pollutants of
concern?
 PM10 (directly formed particles)
 PM2.5 (secondarily formed particles)
 Ammonia (PM precursor)
 Volatile organic compounds (ozone precursor)
 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
 Methane (“greenhouse” gas)
 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx, an ozone precursor)
Ozone Nonattainment Areas for
1-Hour Standard
Classified Ozone Nonattainment
Areas
May 6, 2002
1-h our Ozone St and ard
L EW I ST ON-A UB URN
ES S EX COMt n (Mar)
K NOX & LI NCOLN COS
P ORTL A ND
P ORTS MOUTH
MANCHES T ER
B OST ON-WORCES T ER
JE FF ERS ON CO
DOOR CO
MANI TOW OC CO
BUF FA LO
MI LW AUK E E
AL BA NY
P OUGHK E EP S I E
E RI E
YOUNGS TOW N-S HA RON
LA NCAS T ER
SA CRAME NTO ME TRO
RENO
NJ
CHI CAGO
CINCINNATI
S A N F RANCI SCO
Ot her
S AN JOA QUIN VA LL E Y
A LT OONA
JOHNST OWN
ST LOUI S
SMY T H CO Mtn . (Mar)
E A ST KE RN CO
S ANT A B ARB A RA
V ENT URA
LOS A NGEL E S
Ex tr e me
S E DES E RT MODIF I ED AQM A
PHOE NIX
S A N DI EGO
A TLA NT A
BI RMI NGHA M
DA LL AS
SUNLA ND P A RK (MAR)
E L P A SO
B EA UMONT
B AT ON
ROUGE
HOUS TON
Classi fi cati ons
E xtr eme & S evere
Serious
M oderate
Marginal
Sect ion 185A &
I ncom ple te
Dat a Ar eas Not
Incl uded
greenbook_m ap
S P RIN GF IE LD
PROV ID E NCE
GRE AT ER CONNE CTI CUT
S CRA NTON NE W Y ORK
HA RRI S B URG
A LL ENT OWN
Y ORK
P HIL ADE LP HIA
B ALT I MORE
AT LA NT I C CI TY (M od)
K E NT & QUE EN A NNE 'S COS. , MD
SUS SE X CO, DE
WA S HI NGTON
Counties Designated
Nonattainment for PM10
01/2002
States.shp
Classif
ication
Contigus
a.shp
Serious
Moderate
For convenience the entire county is shown as nonattainment;
however, only a portion of many counties are designated nonattainment.
Counties with Violating Monitors for
8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 Standards (based on
1999-2001 data)
Population
PM2.5
Only
16,413,096
(60 counties)
Ozone
Only
62,123,154
(222 counties)
Both
48,772,716
(69 counties)
Totals
127,308,966
(351 counties)
Emission Sources at a Dairy











Milking Parlor
Cow Holding Area
Enteric Emissions
Feed Lanes
Silage Piles
Mechanical Separator
Settling Basin(s)
Lagoon(s)
Storage Pond(s)
Land Application
Processing Pit
Flush Lanes
Freestalls
Open Corrals
Calf Hutches
Bedding Material
Manure Piles
Emissions From Manure
Disturbance
 Composting
 Separated Solids
 Feed Bunks







Permitting
 Air Permitting
 SB700
 Permit Requirements for Existing Sources
Conservation Management Practices Plan – Rule 4550
Confined Animal Facility Rule – Rule 4570
 Permit Requirements for New and Modifying
Sources
Authority to Construct (ATC) Application
Best Available Control Technology (BACT)
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
Health Risk Assessment/Ambient Air Quality Analysis
CMP Plan & CAF Rule
Air Permitting
 Air permitting regulations in California
are mature (35+ years), comprehensive
In SJV, over two lbs/day needs permit
 But dairies were exempt from permits
state law exempted all ag, incl. dairies
Feds said CA ag exemption must go, or
else
 Senate Bill 700 (Florez) – Removed
exemption in November 2003
SB 700 (Florez)
Agriculture and Air Quality
 Effective January 1, 2004
 Designed to Resolve Conflict Between State
and Federal Law
 SB700 Entirely Eliminated Existing Permitting
Exemptions
 Made Farms Subject to District Permits
 Generally Requires Farms to be Treated like
Other Industries
 District Permit Requirements Vary
Permit Requirements for Existing
Sources
 Permits Required for Dairies with
>1,190 total head (or milk cow
equivalent)
 Conservation management Practices
Plan (Rule 4550)
 Confined Animal Facility (CAF) – Rule
4570
Conservation Management Practices
(CMP) Plans - Rule 4550
 Applies to dairies with over 500 mature
Cows (Milk and Dry cows)
 Requires dust controls on:
Corrals/Manure
Feed Processes
Cropland
Unpaved roads, vehicle travel areas
Confined Animal Facility (CAF)
RULE 4570
 Best Available Retrofit Control Technology
 Applies to dairies with more than 1,000 milk
cows
 Flexible Options
 Must select several mitigation practices from an
extensive list of control options
Manure Handling, Diet Manipulation, Bedding
Options, Moisture Control, Lagoon Controls, many
others
 Option to provide different mitigations
 Preliminary Rule and staff report available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/Workshops/public_workshops_idx.htm#Rul
e%204570
How New and Modifying Dairies are
Affected?
 Submit Authority to Construct (ATC)
application prior to any construction
 Subject to New Source Review Rule –
District Rule 2201
Best Available Control Technology
Public Notice
Health Risk Assessment (HRA) & Ambient Air
Quality Analysis (AAQA)
 California Environmental Quality ACT
(CEQA) – EIR might be necessary
 CAF Rule and CMP Rule
When an ATC Application Required
 New dairies
 Modification of Existing Operations
Expand herd size
Install Shades
Install new Emissions Unit (milk parlor,
lagoon, mechanical separator, etc.)
Convert open corrals to freestalls
 If Uncertain, Contact the District for
permitting requirements
Best Available Control Technology
(BACT)
 Achieved in Practice
 Required by an EPA Approved Rule
 Cost Effective and Technologically
Feasible
 Detail Review of Controls
 Evaluate Alternatives
 Promotes New and Improved
Technology
Compliance/Enforcement with
Rules/Permits
 Prior to Enforcement – Education
 CMP Plans
Inspections – Follow up on any Complaints
Inspect Facilities Where Nuisance
Complaints have been Received
 Permits
Annual Inspection for Facilities Under
Permits
 Enforcement Actions
Summary
 Permits to Operate required for any Dairy
with more than 1,190 head (or milk cow
equivalent)
 Authority to Construct permit required for any
new construction or modification after
January 1, 2004 – Includes IC engines and
other combustion equipment
 CMP Plan required as of December 31, 2004
 Application required to be in compliance with
new CAF Rule (4570) by December 15, 2006
Contacts/References
Sheraz Gill (559) 230-5900
SJVAPCD
www.valleyair.org
Ag Web page
www.valleyair.org/farmpermits/index.htm