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Chapter 10 Study Guide Key
The Renaissance in Italy
1.
What does the word “Renaissance” mean?
2.
Which era was a feudal society and was dominated by the church?
3.
Which era was characterized by national consciousness and political centralization?
4.
Where did Renaissance society first take form?
5.
Which cities played an important role in the trade between Europe and the Near East?
6.
What happened to the Italian city-states due to the warfare between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor?
7.
Which faction of Italian city-states supported the Pope?
8.
Which faction of Italian city-states supported the Emperor?
9.
List the five major Italian city-states:
10.
What did the cities evolve into due to the social strife and competition for political power?
11.
List the four major social groups that existed in Florence?
12.
What took place in 1378 as a result of poor conditions brought on by the Black Death?
13.
Who brought stability to the city of Florence in 1434?
14.
Whose brother was assassinated by the rival Florentine family, the Pazzi?
15.
What Italian term refers to a hired strongman whose sole purpose was to maintain law and order?
16.
What was the cultural center of the Italian Renaissance?
17.
What was responsible for the cultural developments that occurred in Renaissance Italy?
18.
What is the study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the Church Fathers both for their own sake and to promote a rebirth of ancient norms and values?
19.
Which liberal arts program embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and philosophy?
20.
Who were the first humanists?
21.
According the “The Renaissance Garden” what was the pivotal center in Renaissance society?
22.
Who was the “father of humanism”?
23.
Which book did he write that was composed of fanciful letters to Cicero, Livy, Vergil, and Horace?
24.
Who wrote the Divine Comedy ?
25.
Which book takes place in the countryside during the Florentine plague of 1348?

26.
Who wrote it?
27.
Which book examined Renaissance court life and conduct?
28.
Who wrote it?
29.
What was the most important intellectual recovery during the Italian Renaissance?
30.
Which Byzantine scholar introduced Greek scholarship to Italian Humanists?
31.
What city fell to the Turks in 1453 which resulted in Greek scholars fleeing to Florence for refuge?
32.
Which philosophy held a flattering view of human nature?
33.
Who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man , the most famous Renaissance statement on the nature of humankind?
34.
Who was a hero of Protestant reformers for his defense of predestination?
35.
According to humanists, what should education promote?
36.
What term refers to the coalescence of humanism and civic reform?
37.
List four aspects of Renaissance Art:
38.
List two techniques used by Renaissance artists:
39.
Who is considered the “father of Renaissance painting?”
40.
List four masters of the High Renaissance:
41.
What portrait by Leonardo da Vinci depicts the perfect man?
42.
What is Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous painting?
43.
Who painted The School of Athens ?
44.
Which eighteen foot statue is a perfect example of Renaissance harmony, symmetry, and proportion?
45.
Who was commissioned to paint the Vatican’s Sistine Chapel?
46.
What late 16 th
century artistic movement was characterized by distortion of scale and perspective?
Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions
47.
What treaty was established in 1454 and included Milan, Naples, and Florence?
48.
Which country did Ludovico of Milan invite to retake Naples?
49.
Who is most responsible for the invasion of Italy in 1495?
50.
Which French king invaded Italy?
51.
Which Dominican preacher exercised virtual rule over Florence for four years?
52.
What alliance was formed in 1495 to fight against the French?

53.
Which king of France allied with Pope Alexander VI?
54.
Who was known as the “warrior pope”?
55.
Which two countries fought in the Habsburg-Valois wars?
56.
Which country won all four wars?
57.
What did Niccolo Machiavelli propose to solve Italy’s problems?
58.
Which political philosopher held republican ideals, wanted to unify Italy, and was a humanist?
59.
What event took place in 1527 that marked the beginning of the end of the Italian Renaissance?
Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
60.
List the representative assembly for England, France, and Spain respectively:
61.
Which group allied themselves with monarchs in order to end feudal society?
62.
In what way did monarchs extract revenue for the realm?
63.
Which social class was not taxed by monarchs in the 15 th
and 16 th
centuries?
64.
List four things that King Louis XI did as king of France?
65.
Which two countries protested the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon?
66.
List four accomplishments of Ferdinand and Isabella:
67.
What group of people was conquered in Granada and forced out of Spain in 1492?
68.
Who was the first to rule over a united Spain and was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1519?
69.
What was the name of the civil war that broke out in England from 1455-1485?
70.
What were the two factions that fought each other during this conflict?
71.
Who usurped the English throne by setting aside the two sons of Edward IV?
72.
Who returned to England to defeat Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485?
73.
What agreement was made in the Holy Roman Empire between Charles IV and the major territorial rulers in
1356 that created an electoral college that functioned as an administrative body and elected the Holy Roman
Emperor?
The Northern Renaissance
74.
What was an influential lay religious movement that began in the Netherlands and permitted men and women to live a shared religious life without making formal vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience?
75.
List four characteristics of northern humanists:
76.
Who invented printing with movable type in the mid-fifteenth century in the German city of Mainz?
77.
Who was the most famous northern humanist?

78.
Write two of Erasmus’s adages:
79.
What did Erasmus call his personal beliefs in a simple, ethical piety in imitation of Christ?
80.
Which Protestant reformer did Erasmus influence?
81.
What two areas of reform did northern humanists focus on?
82.
Which of Thomas More’s works criticized contemporary society?
83.
What made it possible for learning to penetrate France?
84.
Which three countries were prepared by humanism for the Protestant Reformation?
Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
85.
What prompted European exploration and discovery?
86.
Which Italian city held a monopoly on goods from the Near East?
87.
Which country took the lead in exploration in the fifteenth century?
88.
Which European explorer was the first to round the Cape of Good Hope in 1487?
89.
Which European explorer reached India in 1498?
90.
Who discovered the New World on October 12, 1492?
91.
Where did Columbus expect to first arrive?
92.
Who was America named after?
93.
Which captain led the expedition that became the first to circumnavigate the globe?
94.
What area did the Aztecs rule?
95.
What were the conquistadores interested in?
96.
Who led the conquest of the Aztec empire in 1519?
97.
Who led the conquest of the Inca empire in 1532?
98.
Who spoke out against abuses made by Spanish conquistadores?
99.
List the three major components of colonial economy of the New World?
100.
What did the influx of spices and precious metals create in Europe?