Memory reviewer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The tendency of people to remember unusual items better than more common items is called the von Restorff effect.
Recall (free recall) is the simplest testing method but the most difficult for the person being tested. To recall something is to produce it, as on
essay and short-answer tests.
Cued recall gives the test-taker significant hints about the correct answer. A fill-in-the-blank test uses this method.
Recognition requires the person being tested to identify the correct item from a list of choices. Multiple-choice tests use this method.
The savings (relearning) method compares the speed at which new material is learned to the relearning of old material. The amount of time
saved between the original learning and the relearning is a measure of memory.
Declarative memory is the ability to state a fact.
Procedural memory is the memory of how to do something.
The sensory store
a.
More accurately described as a combination of memory and perception, the sensory store is the first stage of memory processing.
b.
Temporary storage of recently encountered information is short-term memory.
c.
Long-term memory is a relatively permanent storage of mostly meaningful information.
Long-term memory
a.
If your psychology instructor asks what the function of the thalamus is, your first reaction might be to panic because you have no
idea.
b.
The instructor says, “It has something to do with sensory information, right?”
c.
Then it begins to come back – the thalamus is a relay and integration station for sensory information on its way to the cerebral
cortex.
d.
The instructor gave a hint that was an effective retrieval cue. These cues are generated internally or suggested by others.
10. Decay of short and long-term memory
a.
Information that has been stored in long-term memory may be vulnerable to the effects of interference, but generally does not decay
due to the passage of time.
b.
Information held in short-term memory is vulnerable to the passage of time.
11. Primacy and recency effects
The primacy effect is the tendency to remember the beginning of the list.
The recency effect is the tendency to remember the items at the end of the list.
12. The levels-of-processing principle
a.
This principle states that the ease with which we retrieve memories depends on the number and types of associations that we form
with them.
13. Retrieval Cues
a.
Retrieval cues are bits of associated information that help you to regain complex memories for later use. Many factors associated
with learning can act as retrieval cues.
i.
The encoding specificity principle states that the associations formed at the time of learning are the most effective retrieval
cues.
14. State-dependent memory is our tendency to remember something better if your physical condition is the same at the time of recall as it was at
the time of learning.
15. Mnemonic devices
Any memory aid that is based on encoding each item in a special way. :
16. Hindsight bias
a.
The tendency to mold our recollection of the past to how events later turned out.
i.
We say “I knew that was going to happen!” after the event has occurred.
ii.
Our memories are tailored as we reconstruct the event to fit that outcome.
17. Proactive interference: retaining old material makes it hard to recall new material.
18. Retroactive interference: learning new material makes it hard to recall old material.
NLEE/NLEE
1