QUIT
22
The Great Depression Begins
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
GRAPH
MAP
SECTION
1 The Nation’s Sick Economy
SECTION
2 Hardship and Suffering During the Depression
SECTION
3 Hoover Struggles with the Depression
VISUAL SUMMARY
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22
The Great Depression Begins
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To understand the causes and consequences of
the Great Depression and the futility of Hoover’s
actions to limit the damage
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22
The Great Depression Begins
INTERACT
WITH HISTORY
The year is 1929. The United States economy has collapsed.
Farms, businesses, and banks nationwide are failing, causing
massive unemployment and poverty. You are out of work with little
prospect of finding a job.
What would you do to feed your family?
Examine the Issues
• What groups of people will be most hurt by the economic crash?
• What can you do to find a paying job?
• What can unemployed and impoverished people do to help each
other?
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22
The Great Depression Begins
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1929 The first Academy Awards are presented.
The stock market crashes.
1930-1933 More than 40% of the nation’s banks
fail.
1930 Army officers led by José Uriburu seize
control of the government of Argentina.
1931 Jane Addams shares the Nobel Peace Prize.
8.02 million Americans are unemployed.
1931 Japan invades Manchuria.
1932 The Bonus Army arrives in Washington,
D.C. Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected
president.
1932 Ibn Sa’ud becomes king of newly-united
Saudi Arabia. From prison, Mohandas K. Gandhi
leads a protest against British policies in India.
1933 “Century of Progress Exposition” begins.
The Twenty-first Amendment ends Prohibition.
More than 13 million Americans are
unemployed.
1933 Adolf Hitler takes power in Germany.
Japan withdraws from the League of Nations.
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GRAPH
1
The Nation’s Sick Economy
KEY IDEA
Economic problems affecting industries, farmers, and
consumers lead to the Great Depression.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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GRAPH
1
The Nation’s Sick Economy
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
As the prosperity of the 1920s
ended, severe economic
problems gripped the nation.
The Great Depression has had
lasting effects on how
Americans view themselves and
their government.
TERMS & NAMES
• Alfred E. Smith
• credit
• buying on margin
• Great Depression
• speculation
• Dow Jones Industrial Average
• Black Tuesday
• price support
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act
ASSESSMENT
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GRAPH
1
The Nation’s Sick Economy
ASSESSMENT
1. List the causes and effects of the 1929 stock market crash.
Cause
Cause
Buying on
margin
Cause
Loss of
confidence
Cause
Falling stock
prices
Speculation
Stock Market Crash
Effect
Effect
Loss of savings
High
unemployment
Effect
Effect
Bank failures
Bankrupt
businesses
continued . . .
GRAPH
1
HOME
The Nation’s Sick Economy
ASSESSMENT
2. How did the economic trends of the 1920s help cause
the Great Depression? Think About:
• what happened in industry
• what happened in agriculture
• what happened with consumers
ANSWER
Industries: Less peacetime demand for goods
Agriculture: International demand for crops fell, farmers
went bankrupt, and rural banks failed.
Consumers: Credit debt proved disastrous when the
banks failed.
continued . . .
GRAPH
1
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The Nation’s Sick Economy
ASSESSMENT
3. Judging from the events of the late 1920s and early
1930s, how important do you think public confidence is to
the health of the economy? Think About:
• what happened when overconfidence in the stock
market led people to speculate and buy on margin
• how confidence affects consumer borrowing
ANSWER
Too much confidence can lead to making unwise
decisions, such as taking on too much debt. Too little
can lead to money being pulled out of the stock market
and banks—triggering a panic.
End of Section 1
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2
Hardship and Suffering During the Depression
KEY IDEA
The Great Depression brings suffering of
many kinds and degrees to people from all
walks of life.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
HOME
2
Hardship and Suffering During the Depression
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
During the Great Depression,
Americans did what they had to
do to survive.
Since the Great Depression,
many Americans have been
more cautious about saving,
investing, and borrowing.
TERMS & NAMES
• shantytown
• Dust Bowl
• direct relief
• bread line
• soup kitchen
ASSESSMENT
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2
Hardship and Suffering During the Depression
ASSESSMENT
1. List the effects that the Great Depression had on
farmers and city dwellers. Identify the differences
and the similarities.
Farmers
Lost land, grew their
own food, turned to
tenant farming
Both
Lost their jobs
and homes
City Dwellers
Lost jobs, ended up
in the streets, built
shantytowns, took
food from soup
kitchens
continued . . .
2
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Hardship and Suffering During the Depression
ASSESSMENT
2. How was what happened to men during the Great
Depression different from what happened to women?
children? Think About:
• each group’s role in their families
• the changes each group had to make
• what help was available to them
ANSWER
Men: depressed over changes in their status and inability to provide for their families;
wandered the country looking for work
Women: forced to take a more active role in the survival of their families
by working outside the home
Children: stopped going to school, went to work; suffered from
continued . . .
malnutrition and diet-related diseases
2
HOME
Hardship and Suffering During the Depression
ASSESSMENT
3. How did Dust Bowl conditions in the Great Plains
affect the entire country?
ANSWER
Eastern cities were covered with dirt blown from the
plains. Hundreds of thousands of farm families
migrated to California, where unemployment soared.
continued . . .
2
HOME
Hardship and Suffering During the Depression
ASSESSMENT
4. In what ways did the Great Depression affect people’s
outlook?
ANSWER
The economic problems forced people to make
compromises and sacrifices in their goal to be
financially secure.
End of Section 2
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MAP
3
Hoover Struggles with the Depression
KEY IDEA
President Hoover tries to restore
confidence and halt the Depression, but his
actions are ineffective.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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MAP
3
Hoover Struggles with the Depression
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
President Hoover’s conservative
response to the Great Depression
drew criticism from many
Americans.
Worsening conditions in the
country caused the government to
become more involved in the health
and wealth of the people.
TERMS & NAMES
• Herbert Hoover
• Bonus Army
• Federal Home Loan
Bank Act
• Boulder Dam
• Reconstruction Finance
Corporation
ASSESSMENT
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MAP
3
Hoover Struggles with the Depression
ASSESSMENT
1. Explain what Hoover said and did in response to the
Great Depression.
Sending of troops
against Bonus
Army
“rugged
individualism”
“Any lack of
confidence in the
economic
future…is foolish”
Hoover’s Responses
Boulder Dam
Public-works
programs
Reconstruction
Finance
Corporation
Federal Home
Loan Bank Act
Federal Farm
Board
continued . . .
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MAP
3
Hoover Struggles with the Depression
ASSESSMENT
2. How did Hoover’s belief in “rugged individualism”
shape his policies during the Great Depression?
Think About:
• what his belief implies about his view of people
• how that translates into the role of government
• Hoover’s policies
ANSWER
Hoover’s belief in “rugged individualism” implied
limited government intervention and prompted him to
take a cautious approach.
continued . .
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MAP
3
Hoover Struggles with the Depression
ASSESSMENT
3. When Franklin Delano Roosevelt heard about the
attack on the Bonus Army, why was he so certain that
he would defeat Hoover? Think About:
• the American public’s impression of Hoover
• Hoover’s actions to alleviate the Great Depression
• how people judged Hoover after the attack
ANSWER
The public wanted a leader who would act to relieve its
suffering. The attack made Hoover seem uncaring and cruel.
Also, the public already blamed Hoover for its suffering, and
the attack just confirmed that negative impression of him.
End of Section 3